Table 3.
Three models of multivariable logistic regression investigating factors associated with stunting among children under-5 years of age in Rwanda
| I: AOR (95% CI) | II: AOR (95% CI) | III: AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Female | 0.90 (0.65 - 1.26) | 1.03 (0.73 - 1.46) | 1.01 (0.71 - 1.44) |
| Age in months | |||
| 0-5 months | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| 6-11 months | 1.35 (0.62 – 2.92) | 1.28 (0.57 - 2.87) | 1.25 (0.56 - 2.81) |
| 12-23 months | 2.70 (1.33 - 5.49) | 2.78 (1.31 - 5.92) | 2.83 (1.33 - 5.92) |
| 24-35 months | 1.04 (0.54 - 2.01) | 1.06 (0.53 - 2.12) | 1.06 (0.53 - 2.12) |
| 36-47 months | 1.60 (0.83 - 3.08) | 1.40 (0.70 - 2.81) | 1.39 (0.69 - 2.80) |
| 48-60 months | 1.49 (0.79 – 2.83) | 1.68 (0.84 - 3.38) | 1.71 (0.85 - 3.45) |
| Health insurance | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Yes | 0.83 (0.53 - 1.30) | 1.01 (0.63 - 1.62) | 1.02 (0.63 - 1.65) |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Positive | 1.82 (0.76 - 4.36) | 1.55 (0.59 - 4.05) | 1.59 (0.60 - 4.18) |
| Recent illness | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.75 - 1.51) | 1.03 (0.70 - 1.52) | 1.04 (0.70 - 1.55) |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Education | |||
| None | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Primary | 1.21 (0.77 - 1.89) | 1.27 (0.81 - 1.99) | |
| > Primary | 1.09 (0.56 - 2.13) | 1.12 (0.57 - 2.18) | |
| Age (continuous) | 0.99 (0.96 - 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96 - 1.03) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.08 (0.69 - 1.70) | 1.10 (0.69 - 1.74) | |
| Never married | 1.04 (0.54 - 2.00) | 1.00 (0.51 - 1.96) | |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Positive | 1.07 (0.72 - 1.59) | 1.08 (0.72 - 1.62) | |
| Emotional problems | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Yes | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.01) | |
| Social functioning | |||
| High | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Low | 1.00 (0.99 - 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 - 1.01) | |
| Physical health | |||
| Good | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Poor | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) | |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Catastrophic health expenditure | |||
| <20% income spent | 1.00 (−−) | ||
| 20% - 40% income spent | 0.93 (0.45 - 1.91) | ||
| ≥ 40% income spent | 0.82 (0.34 - 1.95) | ||
| Have other children under 5 years | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | ||
| Yes | 1.10 (0.86 - 1.4) | ||
| Performance-based financing | |||
| Lives in Phase II district | 1.00 (−−) | ||
| Lives in Phase 0 district | 0.90 (0.55 - 1.48) | ||
| Lives in Phase I district | 0.98 (0.67 - 1.44) | ||
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval.
I: Adjusted for child characteristics.
II: Adjusted for child characteristics and maternal characteristics.
III: Adjusted for child characteristics, maternal characteristics, household characteristics and PBF.
Bold typeface indicates factors significantly associated with malnutrition at the 0.05 significance level.