Table 4.
Three models of multivariable logistic regression investigating factors associated with wasting among children under-5 years of age in Rwanda
| I: AOR (95% CI) | II: AOR (95% CI) | III: AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Female | 0.94 (0.53 - 1.65) | 0.68 (0.36 - 1.30) | 0.64 (0.33 - 1.23) |
| Age in months | |||
| 0-5 months | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| 6-11 months | 0.44 (0.13 - 1.53) | 0.50 (0.14 - 1.85) | 0.42 (0.11 - 1.60) |
| 12-23 months | 0.26 (0.08 – 0.80) | 0.28 (0.08 - 0.96) | 0.28 (0.08 - 0.96) |
| 24-35 months | 0.53 (0.20 - 1.43) | 0.51 (0.17 - 1.50) | 0.45 (0.15 - 1.36) |
| 36-47 months | 0.42 (0.15 - 1.15) | 0.43 (0.14 - 1.32) | 0.38 (0.12 - 1.20) |
| 48-60 months | 0.35 (0.13 - 0.95) | 0.20 (0.06 - 0.71) | 0.17 (0.04 - 0.64) |
| Health insurance | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.46 - 1.98) | 0.84 (0.37 - 1.89) | 0.85 (0.37 - 1.93) |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Positive | 0.89 (0.25 - 3.19) | 0.80 (0.16 - 3.89) | 1.00 (0.20 - 5.03) |
| Recent illness | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) |
| Yes | 1.46 (0.80 - 2.68) | 1.29 (0.65 - 2.56) | 1.21 (0.60 - 2.44) |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Education | |||
| None | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Primary | 0.68 (0.32 - 1.43) | 0.73 (0.34 - 1.56) | |
| > Primary | 0.62 (0.18 - 2.13) | 0.64 (0.18 - 2.22) | |
| Age (continuous) | 0.98 (0.93 - 1.03) | 0.98 (0.92 - 1.04) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.26 (0.59 - 2.38) | 1.24 (0.56 - 2.72) | |
| Never married | 0.93 (0.29 - 2.96) | 0.77 (0.23 - 2.54) | |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Positive | 1.37 (0.64 – 2.93) | 1.28 (0.59 - 2.77) | |
| Emotional problems | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.00) | |
| Social functioning | |||
| High | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Low | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98 - 1.00) | |
| Physical health | |||
| Good | 1.00 (−−) | 1.00 (−−) | |
| Poor | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 - 1.00) | |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Catastrophic health expenditure | |||
| <20% income spent | 1.00 (−−) | ||
| 20% - 40% income spent | 1.08 (0.27 – 4.32) | ||
| ≥ 40% income spent | 1.77 (0.44 – 7.04) | ||
| Have other children under 5 years | |||
| No | 1.00 (−−) | ||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.68 – 3.23) | ||
| Performance-based financing | |||
| Lives in Phase II district | 1.00 (−−) | ||
| Lives in Phase 0 district | 1.48 (0.68 - 3.23) | ||
| Lives in Phase I district | 0.43 (0.19 - 0.97) | ||
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval.
I: Adjusted for child characteristics.
II: Adjusted for child characteristics and maternal characteristics.
III: Adjusted for child characteristics, maternal characteristics, household characteristics and PBF.
Bold typeface indicates factors significantly associated with malnutrition at the 0.05 significance level.