Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among patients with type 2 diabetes by various levels of serum HDL-C
| HDL-C (mg/dL) |
P value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 30–39.9 | 40–49.9 | 50–59.9 | 60–69.9 | 70–79.9 | ≥80 | ||
| Men | ||||||||
| Participants (n) | 3,243 | 5,466 | 3,348 | 1,279 | 471 | 185 | 177 | |
| Age (years) | 50.7 (0.2) | 52.1 (0.1) | 52.5 (0.2) | 52.9 (0.3) | 53.1 (0.5) | 52.2 (0.8) | 51.2 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Black | 1,455 (44.9) | 2,668 (48.8) | 1,926 (57.5) | 871 (68.1) | 345 (73.2) | 151 (81.6) | 143 (80.8) | <0.001 |
| Income ($/family) | 20,545 (609) | 22,855 (464) | 23,216 (592) | 21,466 (988) | 24,147 (1,623) | 24,534 (2,654) | 25,366 (2,804) | 0.014 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.3 (0.1) | 33.1 (0.1) | 32.3 (0.1) | 30.6 (0.2) | 28.3 (0.4) | 27.7 (0.6) | 25.6 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142 (0.4) | 143 (0.3) | 143 (0.4) | 143 (0.7) | 142 (1.2) | 143 (1.9) | 139 (2.0) | 0.358 |
| HbA1c [% (mmol/mol)] | 8.1 (65) | 8.0 (64) | 7.9 (63) | 7.7 (61) | 7.8 (62) | 7.9 (63) | 7.5 (58) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96 (0.7) | 108 (0.5) | 114 (0.7) | 112 (1.1) | 107 (1.8) | 105 (2.9) | 96 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 173 (1.6) | 164 (1.3) | 142 (1.6) | 119 (2.7) | 106 (4.4) | 97 (7.1) | 92 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 1,672 (51.6) | 2,244 (41.1) | 1,271 (38.0) | 502 (39.2) | 209 (44.4) | 94 (51.0) | 110 (62.0) | <0.001 |
| Type of insurance | <0.001 | |||||||
| Free | 2,253 (69.5) | 3,940 (72.1) | 2,340 (69.9) | 880 (68.8) | 338 (71.8) | 118 (63.8) | 121 (68.4) | |
| Self-pay | 301 (9.3) | 369 (6.8) | 232 (6.9) | 91 (7.1) | 33 (7.0) | 19 (10.3) | 22 (12.4) | |
| Medicaid | 180 (5.6) | 244 (4.5) | 142 (4.2) | 72 (5.6) | 27 (5.7) | 19 (10.3) | 14 (7.9) | |
| Medicare | 364 (11.2) | 716 (13.1) | 535 (16.0) | 196 (15.3) | 64 (13.6) | 27 (14.6) | 19 (10.7) | |
| Commercial | 117 (3.6) | 159 (2.9) | 81 (2.4) | 31 (2.4) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Use of medications | ||||||||
| Glucose lowering | 2,322 (71.6) | 3,844 (70.3) | 2,277 (68.0) | 812 (63.5) | 277 (58.8) | 104 (56.0) | 78 (44.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering | 1,987 (61.3) | 3,466 (63.4) | 2,001 (59.8) | 690 (54.0) | 227 (48.1) | 85 (45.9) | 58 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive | 2,545 (78.5) | 4,385 (80.2) | 2,675 (79.9) | 1,024 (80.1) | 360 (76.3) | 142 (76.7) | 128 (72.4) | 0.144 |
| Women | ||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,994 | 6,634 | 7,465 | 4,214 | 1,755 | 663 | 451 | |
| Age (years) | 49.1 (0.2) | 50.9 (0.1) | 52.3 (0.1) | 53.5 (0.2) | 54.2 (0.2) | 55.0 (0.4) | 54.8 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Black | 996 (49.9) | 3,506 (52.8) | 4,327 (58.0) | 2,658 (63.1) | 1,212 (69.1) | 474 (71.5) | 343 (76.1) | <0.001 |
| Income ($/family) | 18,878 (682) | 20,220 (370) | 21,145 (350) | 20,813 (471) | 20,373 (741) | 19,119 (1,207) | 19,342 (1,514) | 0.062 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.0 (0.2) | 35.9 (0.1) | 35.8 (0.1) | 35.0 (0.1) | 33.9 (0.2) | 32.4 (0.4) | 31.3 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145 (0.6) | 146 (0.3) | 146 (0.3) | 145 (0.4) | 144 (0.6) | 142 (1.0) | 142 (1.3) | 0.002 |
| HbA1c [% (mmol/mol)] | 7.9 (63) | 7.6 (60) | 7.6 (60) | 7.4 (57) | 7.4 (57) | 7.3 (56) | 7.3 (56) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 107 (0.9) | 113 (0.5) | 118 (0.5) | 119 (0.6) | 117 (1.0) | 114 (1.5) | 113 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 173 (1.8) | 160 (1.0) | 142 (0.9) | 124 (1.2) | 112 (2.0) | 101 (3.2) | 94 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 944 (47.3) | 2,338 (35.2) | 2,052 (27.5) | 1,057 (25.1) | 423 (24.1) | 146 (22.1) | 144 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| Type of insurance | <0.001 | |||||||
| Free | 1,597 (80.1) | 5,382 (81.1) | 6,070 (81.3) | 3,370 (80.0) | 1,361 (77.5) | 503 (75.9) | 327 (72.5) | |
| Self-pay | 112 (5.6) | 271 (4.1) | 244 (3.3) | 137 (3.3) | 66 (3.8) | 21 (3.2) | 17 (3.8) | |
| Medicaid | 141 (7.1) | 377 (5.7) | 378 (5.1) | 209 (5.0) | 101 (5.8) | 37 (5.6) | 40 (8.9) | |
| Medicare | 100 (5.0) | 472 (7.1) | 634 (8.5) | 412 (9.8) | 187 (10.7) | 87 (13.1) | 56 (12.4) | |
| Commercial | 43 (2.2) | 126 (1.9) | 134 (1.8) | 83 (2.0) | 40 (2.3) | 14 (2.1) | 10 (2.2) | |
| Use of medications | ||||||||
| Glucose lowering | 1,484 (7.4) | 4,800 (7.2) | 5,149 (6.9) | 2,695 (6.4) | 1,069 (6.1) | 364 (5.5) | 241 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering | 1,282 (6.4) | 4,405 (6.6) | 4,795 (6.4) | 2,658 (6.3) | 1,065 (6.1) | 362 (5.5) | 232 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive | 1,657 (8.3) | 5,573 (8.4) | 6,265 (8.4) | 3,507 (8.3) | 1,439 (8.2) | 533 (8.0) | 364 (8.1) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SE) or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. All continuous variables are adjusted for age and race, except for age (adjusted for race only). SE of HbA1c is 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.13%, 0.21%, and 0.22%, respectively, in men and 0.05%, 0.03%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.09%, and 0.12%, respectively, in women.