Table 4.
Longitudinal association of diabetic retinopathy at baseline with change in cognitive function
| MMSE |
DSST |
RAVLT summary score |
Stroop |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted mean (95% CI) | P value* | Adjusted mean (95% CI) | P value* | Adjusted mean (95% CI) | P value* | Adjusted mean (95% CI) | P value* | |
| 20-Month change | ||||||||
| Model 1† | ||||||||
| None | −0.03 (−0.18 to 0.11) | 0.42 | −1.14 (−1.65 to −0.63) | 0.51 | 0.39 (0.27–0.51) | 0.71 | −0.80 (−1.68 to −0.08) | 0.86 |
| Mild NPDR | −0.17 (−0.43 to 0.08) | −1.11 (−2.01 to −0.21) | 0.29 (0.08–0.50) | −0.42 (−1.98 to 1.15) | ||||
| Moderate and severe NPDR, PDR | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.02) | −1.62 (−2.32 to −0.93) | 0.39 (0.23–0.56) | −0.44 (−1.64 to 0.76) | ||||
| Model 2‡ | ||||||||
| None | −0.02 (−0.17 to 0.14) | 0.45 | −1.14 (−1.66 to −0.57) | 0.59 | 0.35 (0.23–0.48) | 0.42 | −0.70 (−1.65 to 0.26) | 0.93 |
| Mild NPDR | −0.14 (−0.41 to 0.12) | −1.12 (−2.07 to −0.22) | 0.27 (0.05–0.48) | −0.42 (−2.04 to 1.20) | ||||
| Moderate and severe NPDR, PDR | −0.19 (−0.40 to 0.03) | −1.61 (−2.37 to −0.85) | 0.45 (0.27–0.63) | −0.83 (−2.15 to 0.50) | ||||
| 40-Month change | ||||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| None | −0.20 (−0.35 to −0.05) | 0.04 | −1.30 (−1.82 to −0.78) | 0.003 | 0.45 (0.33–0.57) | 0.41 | −0.39 (−1.28 to 0.51) | 0.65 |
| Mild NPDR | −0.54 (−0.80 to −0.28) | −1.76 (−2.67 to −0.84) | 0.41 (0.20–0.62) | −0.08 (−1.67 to 1.51) | ||||
| Moderate and severe NPDR, PDR | −0.41 (−0.61 to −0.21) | −2.81 (−3.52 to −2.11) | 0.57 (0.41–0.73) | 0.33 (−0.89 to 1.55) | ||||
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| None | −0.20 (−0.35 to −0.04) | 0.04 | −1.30 (−1.86 to −0.75) | 0.01 | 0.41 (0.28–0.54) | 0.19 | −0.29 (−1.27 to 0.67) | 0.89 |
| Mild NPDR | −0.57 (−0.84 to −0.31) | −1.84 (−2.78 to −0.89) | 0.39 (0.18–0.61) | 0.01 (−1.64 to 1.65) | ||||
| Moderate and severe NPDR, PDR | −0.42 (−0.64 to −0.20) | −2.89 (−3.67 to −2.12) | 0.61 (0.43–0.79) | 0.11 (−1.24 to 1.46) | ||||
*
The P values represent an overall test for equality of means.
†
Model 1 includes the variables age, sex, ethnicity, education, smoking, geographic region, and treatment assignment.
‡
Model 2 includes model 1 variables as well as diabetes duration, HbA1c, HDL, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, depression, alcohol use, neuropathy, and visual acuity. PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.