Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with diabetes according to BMI
| Normal weight (n = 117) | Overweight (n = 293) | Obese (n = 227) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | 51 (43.6) | 113 (38.6) | 121 (53.3) | 0.003 |
| Age (years) | 78 (75–81) | 76 (72–81) | 75 (72–79) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.0 (1.0–20.0) | 3.0 (0–14.0) | 3.0 (0–10.0) | <0.001 |
| Less than high school education | 19 (16.2) | 67 (22.9) | 52 (22.9) | 0.34 |
| Current smoker | 20 (17.1) | 33 (11.3) | 20 (8.81) | 0.02 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 143 (130–163) | 145 (132–159) | 143 (131–159) | 0.71 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.0 (67.0–79.0) | 73.0 (67.0–80.0) | 74.0 (67.0–80.0) | 0.66 |
| Hypertension | 104 (88.9) | 262 (89.4) | 214 (94.3) | 0.10 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.40 (6.00–8.90) | 7.40 (6.70–8.40) | 7.30 (6.60–8.50) | 0.80 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.30 (5.90–7.20) | 6.20 (5.80–6.80) | 6.20 (5.90–6.60) | 0.20 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 45.4 (41.0–55.2) | 44.3 (39.9–50.8) | 44.3 (41.0–48.6) | |
| Insulin medication | 8 (7.08) | 12 (4.24) | 9 (4.04) | 0.41 |
| Hypoglycemia medication | 62 (54.9) | 149 (52.7) | 109 (48.9) | 0.53 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197 (162–230) | 197 (170–232) | 201 (166–232) | 0.88 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.9 (45.2–72.4) | 49.4 (42.9–59.9) | 47.9 (41.3–57.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 114 (87.1–139) | 119 (91.5–149) | 118 (85.7–147) | 0.50 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91.2 (65.9–137) | 114 (83.2–159) | 136 (104–177) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.55 (0.75–3.40) | 2.00 (1.00–4.40) | 2.60 (1.30–5.00) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 20 (17.1) | 40 (13.8) | 32 (14.2) | 0.68 |
| Coronary heart disease | 38 (32.5) | 76 (25.9) | 64 (28.2) | 0.41 |
| Microalbuminuria | 16 (13.7) | 38 (13.0) | 36 (15.9) | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 (22.4–24.5) | 27.4 (26.4–28.6) | 32.8 (31.2–35.1) | <0.001 |
| Midlife BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (22.2–26.5) | 26.1 (23.8–27.8) | 28.6 (26.7–31.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.0 (87.0–97.0) | 104 (99.0–107) | 116 (110–123) | <0.001 |
| VAT (cm2) | 253 (223–299) | 325 (280–376) | 405 (338–461) | <0.001 |
| SAT (cm2) | 281 (241–320) | 354 (316–410) | 465 (411–532) | <0.001 |
| Thigh muscle (cm2) | 226 (208–239) | 238 (222–256) | 242 (227–270) | <0.001 |
| Thigh muscle attenuation (HU) | 168 (165–171) | 167 (163–171) | 165 (161–169) | <0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 0.95 (0.80–1.05) | 0.94 (0.81–1.07) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.004 |
| Muscle strength (N · m) | 112 (88.7–155) | 134 (96.8–184) | 120 (90.5–168) | 0.006 |
Data are median (interquartile range) or n (%). BP, blood pressure; HU, Hounsfield unit; N · m, newton meter.