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. 2014 Nov 13;63(12):4249–4261. doi: 10.2337/db14-0298

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© 2014 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.

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Diabetes induces dysfunctional macrophage polarization. A and B: RT-QPCR analysis of gene expression in BMM derived from diabetic db/db mice and control db/+ mice, which were differentiated in vitro with either M-CSF (BMMC; panel A) or GM-CSF (BMGM; panel B). Bone marrow was isolated from 10–12-week-old db/db and db/+ mice. Blood glucose levels were 479 ± 28 mg/dL in db/db mice versus 162 ± 8 mg/dL in db/+ mice. C: TNF-α–induced gene expression in db/+ and db/dbBMMC. BMMC were serum depleted for 4 h and stimulated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for 1 h. D: Gene expression analysis of thioglycolate-elicited PMs from db/+ (PMdb/+) and db/db (PMdb/db) mice. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-QPCR and results expressed as fold over db/+ cells. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, n = 3–4.