Table 2.
In vivo studies of herbal medicines for PD.
| Study | Herbal medicines | Animal model | Herbal extraction | Route of administration | Dosage and periods | Outcomes and mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hsia et al. (2008) [56] | Adlay hull | Female Sprague-Dawley rats at estrus stage (200–300 g) | Solvent: 1 L of methanol | Subcutaneous injection | 5 or 10 mg/kg | Uterine contraction (induced by PGF2α)↓ |
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| Ma et al. (2011) [50] | Shao Fu Zhu Yu decoction | Female ICR mice (18–22 g) | Solvent: 1 L of boiling water Time: twice for 1 h Purity: 80% (by ethanol) |
Oral | 0.92, 1.84, and 3.68 g/kg | (1) Acetic acid-induced writhing↓ (2) Hot-plate test latency (—) (3) Formalin-induced licking↓ (4) Oxytocin-induced writhing↓ (5) PGE2↓ (6) NO↓ |
|
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| Liu et al. (2011) [18] | Xiang-Fu-Si-Wu decoction | Virgin female Wistar rats (180–220 g) and female ICR mice (20–25 g) | Solvent: ethanol (10–80%) | Oral | 54.60, 27.30, and 5.46 mg crude herbs/g/d | Ca2+ ↓ |
|
| ||||||
| Shi et al. (2012) [35] | Isoliquiritigenin (from Glycyrrhiza glabra) | Nonpregnant ICR mice (18–22 g) | Purity: >99% | Oral | 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg | (1) Acetic acid-induced writhing↓ (2) Hot-plate test latency↑ |
|
| ||||||
| Rowlands et al. (2012) [26] | Bak Foong Pills | Specified pathogen-free C57/B6 mice | — | Oral | 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 5 g/kg/day For 3 days |
(1) PGE2 level↓ (2) Acetic acid-induced writhing↓ (3) Somatostatin receptors 4 and 2 mRNA↓ |
|
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| Su et al. (2012) [27] | (1) Commiphora myrrha (MWE) (2) Boswellia carterii (FWE) (3) Combined extracts (CWE) |
ICR mice (18–22 g) | Solvent: 20 L of water Time: twice for 1 h |
Intragastric | (1) Control (2) Dolantin (25 mg/kg) (3) MWE (3.9 g/kg) (4) FEW (6.8 g/kg) (5) CWE (5.2 g/kg) For 3 days |
(1) Paw edema (induced by formalin, carrageenan)↓ (2) PGE2 level↓ (3) Oxytocin-induced writhing↓ |
|
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| Chen et al. (2013) [36] | Yuanhu painkillers (YHP) | Virgin female Wistar rats (250–300 g) | — | Oral | (1) YHP (0.698 g/kg) (2) Tetrahydropalmatine (0.07 g/kg) (3) Imperatorin (0.02 g/kg) (4) Polypharmacy (0.02 g/kg) (5) Tetrahydropalmatine + imperatorin (0.07 g/kg) For 10 days |
(1) SOD↑ (2) MDA↓ (3) NO, iNOS↓ (4) i-κB↑ (5) NF-κB↓ (6) COX-2↓ |
|
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| Liu et al. (2014) [58] | Xiang-Fu-Si-Wu decoction | Female Sprague-Dawley rats (220–250 g) | Solvent: 80% ethanol Time: twice for 2 h |
Oral | 3.78 g crude herbs/kg/d For 7 days |
(1) PG level (—) (2) Lysophospholipids↑ |