Table 4.

Association of Patient Characteristics with Use of the Bathroom or Daily Routine Adherence Strategies

	Use of Strategy
	Yes (%)	No (%)	p
Age, years
60–64	47.2	42.8	0.56
65–69	19.4	25.5
70+	33.3	31.8
Male	18.1	16.0	0.68
Race
Non-Hispanic white	38.9	17.7	< 0.001
Non-Hispanic black	26.4	31.8
Hispanic	23.6	41.2
Other	11.1	9.4
Household income < $1,350/month	35.2	57.7	< 0.001
Education
College graduate	51.4	23.5	< 0.001
Some college	22.2	19.6
High school	8.3	20.4
< 12 years	18.1	36.5
Poor English language skills	15.3	27.5	0.03
Low health literacy	14.3	39.8	< 0.001
Married or partnered	36.1	30.8	0.40
Place of birth
Mainland US	69.4	57.7	0.01
Puerto Rico	8.3	24.3
Dominican Republic	22.2	18.0
General health, poor–fair	56.9	79.6	< 0.001
Years with asthma, by 5-year increments, mean (sd)	6.3 (4.2)	6.1 (4.0)	0.68
Ever intubated	7.0	11.8	0.25
Depression	9.72	22.1	0.02
Generalized anxiety	9.7	23.5	0.01
Asthma illness beliefs
No symptoms no asthma	37.5	53.2	0.02
Will not always have asthma	22.2	31.5	0.13
Physician can cure asthma	8.3	22.1	0.009
Asthma medication beliefs
Medication concerns, mean (sd)	12.76 (4.49)	13.94 (4.15)	0.04
Medication necessity, mean (sd)	11.57 (4.34)	13.15 (4.41)	0.008