Table 1.

Summary of experimental substitutes, their efficacy, and references.

Cell derived substitutes	Results	References:
Thromboerythrocytes	In vitro demonstration the interaction of activated platelets with RGD linked to red blood cell fragment	10
Synthocytes	Reduction in bleeding time of ear bleed and surgical incision bleed in thrombocytopenic rabbits	11
Thrombosomes	Retention of normal expression of GPIIbIIIa and normal aggregation. Reduction in blood loss in ear bleed model of thrombocytopenic rabbits.	12,13
Drugs:
Tranexamic Acid	Improves outcomes in battlefield mortality, however there is evidence of risk of diffuse intravascular coagulation.	14,15
Recombinant Factor VIIa	Reduces bleeding after acute trauma to a small degree, but has potential for adverse effects and is difficult to store appropriately	16–20
Synthetic substitutes:
Liposomes	Reduced bleeding time in thrombocytopenic rat and rabbit bleeding models	21–23
PLGA Nanoparticles	Reduction in bleed time in rat femoral artery injury. Increased survival in rat liver injury model.	24,25