Table 3.

Examples of positive relationships between the response of PSMs and the response of free-living or caged aquatic organisms

PSM	Biological response	References
	A - Overlying water – fresh water
• DGT Cu	Short-term and steady-state Cu accumulation by an aquatic moss in laboratory experiments with NOM; DGT labile Cu related to accumulation in some cases only.	(Ferreira et al. 2008)
• DGT Cu	Acute and chronic toxicity of Cu (Ceriodaphnia dubia) in 3 spiked river water samples containing 4 to 13 mg DOC L−1; the range of the LC50 values was narrower when expressed as DGT-labile Cu (20–30 µg L−1), but exceeded the SMAV value (11.5 µg L−1).	(Martin and Goldblatt 2007)
• DGT Cd	Cd uptake flux into an amphipod (Gammarus pulex) in laboratory studies in the presence of EDTA and Aldrich humic acid; values for [Cd]inorg and [Cd]DGT were very similar, indicating that few complexes were contributing to the DGT measurement.	(Pellet et al. 2009)
• DGT Al		Toxicity of Al to brown trout (fish exposed to natural waters spiked with Al and manipulated); DGT labile metal a better predictor of fish stress than total inorganic Al (pyrocatechol-violet).	(Royset et al. 2005)

B - Overlying water – seawater
• DGT Cu	Transplanted rock oysters (Sacccostrea glomerata) and DGT devices were deployed over 6 weeks (biweekly measurements) in a coastal lagoon; bioaccumulated Cu strongly correlated with cumulative Cu taken up by DGT devices at a marina and a boat anchorage. These field measurements were used to calibrate the oyster biomonitors to give biomonitor-available concentrations. A significant correlation was then obtained between biomonitor-available and DGT-labile measurements over 14 sites.	(Jordan et al. 2008)
• DGT Cd Cu Ni Pb			Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and DGT devices were deployed together for 3 one-month periods in coastal waters of Sardinia (Italy); nonessential metals (Cd, Pb) accumulated over time and showed weak correlation with DGT-labile metal; Cu and Ni did not bioaccumulate although DGT-labile Cu and Zn were detected.	(Schintu et al. 2008)
• Hollow fiber permeable liquid membrane	Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb uptake fluxes into a test marine alga (water from the Baltic Sea, collected at 7 different sites) as a function of [Mz+].	(Slaveykova et al. 2009)
• DGT Cd Cu Pb	Brown macroalga (Padina pavonica) collected from 5 coastal marine sites near smelters; DGT devices deployed at each site (3 d); positive correlation between DGT-labile Pb and Pb concentrations in the macroalga.	(Schintu et al. 2010)

C - Sediments – freshwater
• Porewater peepers [Cd] in pore water in surface sediments	Cd accumulation and metallothionein induction in free-living freshwater bivalves, collected from lakes on the Canadian Shield.	(Couillard et al. 1993; Tessier et al. 1993)
• Pore water Ni	Tested 3 invertebrate taxa (Hyalella survival, Gammarus survival, and Hexagenia growth) in 10 Ni-spiked sediments, over at least 28 d; toxicity values based on pore water nickel concentrations had lowest among-sediment variation, especially for the 2 amphipods.	(Besser et al. 2011)
• DGT Cd			Periphyton exposed to Cd in artificial recirculating channels containing natural freshwater; Cd speciation modified by addition of nitrilotriacetate (NTA). Total and intracellular Cd content in periphyton increased and were related to an increase in DGT-labile Cd. Bioaccumulation not controlled by the free Cd concentrations, but by diffusion of labile Cd-NTA complexes.	(Bradac et al. 2009)
• DGT Cd Cu Pb	Laboratory microcosm experiments conducted with 6 contaminated sediments; compared DGT-labile metal with metal bioaccumulation in a chironomid (Chironomus riparius); significant relationships found for Cu and Pb; however, total metals in sediments were, surprisingly, the best predictors of bioaccumulation.	(Roulier et al. 2008)
• DGT Cd			Laboratory microcosm experiments conducted with a natural carbonate-rich sediment spiked at 5 different concentrations; 3 test species (chironomid, Chironomus riparius; amphipod, Gammarus fossarum; mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum) exposed for 7 d; DGT devices also exposed 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144 h; DGT-labile Cd predicted Cd accumulation rates well in mudsnail, over-predicted rates in amphipod, and under-predicted Cd rates in chironomid.	(Dabrin et al. 2012)
• DGT Ni	Flux of Ni from spiked sediments (weeks to months) linking effects to benthic macroinvertebrate populations and Hyalella azteca and Lymnea stagnalis. No relation to benthic responses but did show biphasic flux patterns.	(Costello et al. 2011; Costello et al. 2012)

D - Sediments—seawater
• DGT Cu	Bioavailability of Cu to the benthic marine bivalve Tellina deltoidalis in sediments of varying properties contaminated with Cu-based antifouling paint particles; overlying water Cu concentrations and DGT-Cu fluxes provided good exposure concentration–response relationships in relation to Cu bioaccumulation and Cu-induced lethality.	(Simpson et al. 2012)