Table 2.
Sources of key cytokines in the inflammatory myopathies (IM)
| Cytokines | IM subtypes | Serum | Mononuclear cells | Endothelial cells | Muscle | ECM | Skin | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Th1 | ||||||||
| IFN-γ | All | + | + | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM | 7,12,28,55–57 |
| IL-2 | All | + | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM | 7,12,28,55 |
| IL-12 | All | + | + | – | + | – | – | 7,12,28,55 |
| TNF-α | All | + | + | – | + | – | – | 7,12,39,55,58 |
| Th2 | – | |||||||
| IL-4 | All | + | DM | – | + | – | DM | 7,12,59,60 |
| IL-13 | All | + | – | – | – | – | DM | 7,12,59,60 |
| Th17 | – | |||||||
| IL-17 | All | + | + | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM | 12,13,60–62 |
| IL-22 | DM, PM | – | + | PM | + | – | – | 13,63,64 |
| IL-23 | DM, PM | – | + | – | + | – | – | 13,65 |
| IL-6 | All | + | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | – | 12,13,65 |
| TWEAK | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | – | 66,67 |
| Treg | ||||||||
| IL-10 | DM, PM, IBM | + | + | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | – | 7,12,46,68,69 |
| TGF-β | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM | DM, PM, IBM | DM, PM, IBM | DM | DM | 7,64,65,68–71 |
| IL-1 family | ||||||||
| IL-1α | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM, IBM | DM, PM, IBM | DM, PM, IBM | – | – | 7,12,70 |
| IL-1β | All | All | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM, IBM | – | – | 7,12,39,58,70 |
| Type I IFNs | ||||||||
| IFN-α | All | + | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM | – | DM | 1,7,12,40,64,72–75 |
| IFN-β | DM, PM | + | DM, PM, IBM | – | DM, PM | – | DM | 1,7,40,64,72,74,76 |
Adapted and modified from Figarella-Branger et al. 7. All refers to dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), inclusion body myositis (IBM), immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNM). ECM = extracellular matrix; IL = interleukin; IFN = interferon; TGF = transforming growth factor; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; TWEAK = TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis; Treg = regulatory T cell; Th1 = T helper type 1.