Table 2.

Neural crest ablation and function.

Model	NC ablation method	stage	assay	Outcome for NC ablated embryos	reference
chick	microcautery (mc) needle	st18	doppler ultrasound, pressure sensor	>dorsal aortic blood flow velocity; <systolic and diastolic blood pressure	(Stewart et al., 1986)
chick	mc needle	st 18	microcine	<contractility, <emptying of bulbus cordis, altered blood flow in aortic arch arteries	(Leatherbury et al., 1990b)
chick	mc needle	st 18	Pressure sensor	Increased wall stress	(Leatherbury et al., 1990a)
chick	mc needle	st18	microcine	<SF and EF	(Leatherbury et al., 1991)
chick	mc needle	st 18	microcine	output	(Tomita et al., 1991)
chick	laser	dy 15 (st 41)	force transducer	<twitch force in trabeculae, <SR CICR	(Nosek et al., 1997)
chick	mc needle & laser	st 14 & 18	optical imaging	<calcium transient in inf and outlow, rescued with neural crest replacement	(Waldo et al., 1999)
zebrafish	laser	48 hpf	videocine	< SV, EF, & CO	(Li et al., 2003)
chick	laser	dy 11 (st 37) & dy 15 (st 41)	patch clamp	<channel opening event and mean open channel probability	(Nichols and Creazzo, 2005)
chick	needle	st 30 & 34/35	optical mapping	Immature activation sequence	(Gurjarpadhye et al., 2007)
mouse	PO-Cre transgene mediated deletion of Bmpr1a	E11.5 &12.5	doppler imaging	60% of E11.5 had reversed/retrograde flow, HR and contractile function were normal, 15% had arrhythmias	(Nomura-Kitabayashi et al., 2009)

^*The incubation conditions of these studies ranged from 37–38°C in temperature and 70–97% in humidity. < = reduced, >=increased.

^**The lasers used for ablation were pulsed nitrogen/dye lasers with 337nm wavelength or 445 with a pulsed energy of 300

^***Stages of ablation were generally between stage 8–11.

^****Survival rates were not reported in most papers and varied widely when reported.

SV=stroke volume, EF=ejection fraction, CO=cardiac output