(a) A schematic diagram of KFP applied to a toy metabolic network. At , the system is switched from a C-labeled environment to C-labeled one, and is measured at a few time points thereafter. (b) For a given trajectory of (the black solid curve), the three time regimes (linear, mixed and constant) are marked and three measurements are made (two in the mixed regime and one in the constant). Normalizing it gives between 0 and 1 (the black dashed curve), parameterized by a single parameter , which can be estimated by comparing the normalized measurements to 's of different 's (the red and blue dashed curves). (c) A schematic diagram of rKFP applied to the same network in (a). Relative quantitation is performed on in two conditions (with subscripts and respectively) with the goal of estimating . (d) The ratio in between and is (Eq. 6), and since 's and are identifiable from relative quantitation, so is .