Figure 5. (a) The number of Culicoides trapped (log); (b) maximum and minimum monthly rainfall (mm); and (c) maximum and minimum monthly temperature (°C) between July 2004–June 2012 is shown for four distinct climate regions: tropical, grasslands, arid and warm-temperate.

Below, seasonal parameters are estimated as a function of latitude: mean peak timing and amplitude of annual peak, relative to the mean standardized time series. An asterisk indicates Pearson's R is significantly different from zero (*p<0.05; **p<0.01).