Table 8. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of deep surgical-site infections in abdominal trauma with enteric contamination - Level of evidence and recommendations.

Query	Desirable effect	Undesirable effect*	Benefit/risk profile	Values and preferences	Resource use	Recommendation	Rationale
Penetrating abdominal trauma - 24-hour cefoxitin or cefotetan vs. 5-day cefoxitin or cefotetan	Very low evidence in favour of intervention □□□	No evidence against intervention □□□□	Favourable	Not available	Wise	Weak in favour of intervention	Only part of the patients had intestinal perforation, but no specific data is available for this subset; this hampers conclusive answers regarding patients with perforation, the focus of the review. However, the risk of resistant bacteria selection is itself a sufficient
Penetrating abdominal trauma - 24-hour ampicillin-sulbactam vs. 5-day ampicillin-sulbactam	Very low evidence in favour of intervention □□□	No evidence against intervention □□□□	Favourable	Not available	Wise	Weak in favour of intervention	condition to contraindicate the 5-day antibiotic course. We assume that single-day prophylaxis is effective on the basis of indirect evidence from elective abdominal-surgery antibiotic prophylaxis studies and less dangerous in terms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria selection than a 5-day treatment. This issue however deserves further investigations.
Penetrating abdominal trauma - 24-hour cefoxitin vs. 5-day cefoxitin	Very low evidence in favour of intervention □□□	No evidence against intervention □□□□	Favourable	Not available	Wise	Weak in favour of intervention

*Not investigated in the studies, no evidence could be found from external sources.