Figure 3.

a. Plot of Chinese American adolescents’ mother-child open communication W1 as a moderator conditioning the direct effect of language brokering W1 on perceived maternal sacrifice W1. The lower the level of open communication, the stronger the relation between language brokering W1 and perceived maternal sacrifice W1.

b. Plot of Chinese American adolescents’ mother-child open communication W1 as a moderator conditioning the indirect effect of brokering W1 →perceived sacrifice W1 → perceived sacrifice W2 → respect W2 → externalizing W2. The y axis is the magnitude of the standardized indirect effect of language brokering W1 on externalizing problems W2. The x axis is level of mother-child open communication W1. Dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals. The horizontal line denotes an indirect effect of zero. The vertical line indicates the boundary of the region of significance: the indirect effect is only significant on the left side of the vertical line. Overall, the plot demonstrates that the lower the level of open communication, the stronger the indirect effect is.