Table 1. Baseline Characteristics (N=2,936)*.
| Variable | <Median %FMD (n=1,470) |
≥Median %FMD (n=1,466) |
P-value† |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 64 (10) | 58 (9.1) | <0.0001 |
| Male Sex (%) | 738 (50) | 722 (49) | 0.61 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White (%) | 440 (30) | 561 (38) | |
| Black (%) | 396 (27) | 205 (14) | |
| Chinese-American (%) | 263 (18) | 326 (22) | |
| Hispanic (%) | 371 (25) | 374 (26) | <0.0001 |
| High school or less (%) | 569 (39) | 496 (34) | 0.0060 |
| Income <$20,000 (%) | 407 (28) | 351 (24) | 0.020 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) kg/m2 | 28 (5.1) | 28 (5.4) | 0.44 |
| Current or former smoker (%) | 697 (47) | 679 (46) | 0.55 |
| Diabetes (%) | 229 (16) | 146 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 128 (20) | 121 (19) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 193 (36) | 196 (34) | 0.048 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 51 (14) | 50 (14) | 0.014 |
| Antihypertensive medications (%) | 570 (39) | 427 (29) | <0.0001 |
| Statins (%) | 222 (15) | 185 (13) | 0.052 |
| Aspirin (%) | 357 (24) | 311 (21) | 0.047 |
| Lipid-lowering medications (%) | 245 (17) | 205 (14) | 0.044 |
| hs-CRP, mean (SD), mg/L | 3.5 (5.3) | 3.4 (5.7) | 0.13 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy (%) | 70 (4.8) | 34 (2.3) | 0.0003 |
*
Median %FMD values for male and female participants were 3.6% and 4.2%, respectively.
†
Statistical significance was tested for categorical variables using the chi-square method and for continuous variables the Wilcoxon-rank sum method was used.
AF=atrial fibrillation; FMD=flow-mediated dilation; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP=high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SD=standard deviation.