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Measurement of roughness parameters. Disk roughness was characterized by laser confocal microscopy and total roughness (a), mean arithmetic roughness (b), profile roughness (c), maximum height (d), maximum peak height (e), maximum valley depth (f), root-mean-squared roughness (g), kurtosis (h), and skewness (i) measured. * p < 0.05 vs. rTiAlV; # p < 0.05 vs. #5; $ p < 0.05 vs. #9
