Table 3.
Order | Sample Type | Sampling and Pretreatmenta | Detector (GC) | Unit | Compounds | Reference | |||||||||
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α-PN | CMP | β-PN | 3-CN | MRC | α-PD | α-TP | R-LN | γ-TP | p-CM | No b | |||||
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A. Vegetable (Carrot) | |||||||||||||||
1 | Carrot (D. carota) (CA) c | ST/TD | MS | µg/L of HS | 2.85 | 0.44 | 0.77 | - d | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.86 | 1.80 | 0.28 | This study |
µg/g | 0.71 | 0.11 | 0.19 | - | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.45 | 0.07 | |||||
µg/g/h e | 17.1 | 2.66 | 4.64 | - | 4.08 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 5.17 | 10.8 | 1.69 | |||||
2 | Carrot (7 varieties) | SHA | MS | µg/L of HS | 0.6–11 | 0.01–0.08 | 0.2–1.2 | 0.6–98 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.02–0.2 | 0.6–9.0 | 1.1–10 | 0.03–0.7 | 1 | |
3 | Carrot (Imperator-1) | HS/DI | FID | µg/g | 0.22 | - | 0.43 | - | 0.66 | - | - | - | 0.35 | - | 2 |
4 | Carrot (Imperator-2) | HS/DI | FID | µg/g | 0.66 | - | 0.84 | - | 0.97 | - | - | 1.22 | 1.07 | - | 2 |
5 | Carrot (Gold Pak) | HS/DI | FID | µg/g | 3.02 | - | 0.16 | - | 0.36 | - | - | 0.41 | 0.65 | - | 2 |
6 | Carrot (Danvers-1) | HS/DI | FID | µg/g | 0.08 | - | 0.05 | - | 0.05 | - | - | 0.07 | 0.11 | - | 2 |
7 | Carrot (Danvers-2) | HS/DI | FID | µg/g | 0.16 | - | 0.05 | - | 0.07 | - | - | 0.11 | 0.01 | - | 2 |
8 | Carrot (Nantes) | HS/DI | FID | µg/g | 0.80 | - | 0.11 | - | 0.05 | - | - | 0.03 | 0.09 | - | 2 |
9 | Carrot (Brasilia) | HS/LVI | MS | µg/g/h | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.01 | - | 0.04 | - | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 3 |
10 | Carrot (Duke) | HS/LVI | MS | µg/g/h | 0.10 | 0.003 | 0.02 | - | 0.03 | - | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 3 |
11 | Carrot (Fancy) | HS/LVI | MS | µg/g/h | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.04 | - | 0.17 | - | 0.003 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 3 |
12 | Carrot (Cortez) | HS/LVI | MS | µg/g/h | 0.06 | - | 0.02 | - | 0.12 | - | 0.004 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 3 |
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B. Plants | |||||||||||||||
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13 | Pine needle (PN) c | ST/TD | MS | µg/L of HS | 2.36 | 0.51 | 1.72 | - | 4.59 | 0.19 | 1.7 | 3.45 | 0.06 | 0.02 | This study |
µg/g | 0.59 | 0.13 | 0.43 | - | 1.15 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.004 | |||||
µg/g/h | 14.1 | 3.06 | 10.3 | - | 27.6 | 1.17 | 10.2 | 20.7 | 0.38 | 0.09 | |||||
14 | Fresh Pine needle | LBC/DI | MS | µg/g | 2398 | 523 | 258 | 758 | 170 | - | - | 204 | - | - | 4 |
15 | Mixed grasses | BE/DI | FID | µg/m2/h | 30.0 | - | 5.00 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 & 6 |
16 | Bermuda grass | BE/DI | FID | µg/m2/h | 2.00 | - | - | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 & 6 |
17 | pensacola grass | BE/DI | FID | µg/m2/h | 7.00 | - | 2.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 & 6 |
18 | Sawgrass | BE/DI | FID | µg/m2/h | 62.0 | - | 10.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 & 6 |
19 | P. hortorum leaf | MHS | MS | µg/m2 | 1.88 | 1.71 | 4.18 | - | 30.4 | - | - | 1.53 | - | - | 7 |
20 | P. hortorum leaf | IMHS | MS | µg/m2 | 2.00 | 1.59 | 4.12 | - | 38.5 | - | - | 2.53 | - | - | 7 |
21 | P. hortorum leaf | DHS | MS | µg/m2 | 2.35 | 1.82 | 4.65 | - | 41.6 | - | - | 3.00 | - | - | 7 |
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C. Fruit (beverages) | |||||||||||||||
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22 | Orange juice (OJ) c | ST/TD | MS | µg/L of HS | 0.02 | 0.003 | - | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 17.9 | 0.04 | - | This study |
µg/g or µg/mL | 0.004 | 0.001 | - | 0.005 | 0.15 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 4.47 | 0.01 | - | |||||
µg/g/h | 0.11 | 0.02 | - | 0.11 | 3.71 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 107 | 0.25 | - | |||||
23 | Orange juice | SPME | FID | µg/L of HS | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 239 | 1.40 | - | 8 |
24 | Orange wine | LLE | OL f | µg/L | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 430 | 11.0 | 5.20 | 9 |
Abbreviation: LVI-Large volume injection; HS-Headspace; DI-Direct injection; SPME-Solid phase microextraction; LLE-Liquid liquid extraction; LBC-Litter bag collection; BE-Bag enclosure; MHS-multiple headspace SPME IMHS-internal standard added multiple SPME; and DHS-dynamic headspace sampling;
Sample mass placed on impinger: 1 g;
Not detected;
Emission flux = [(emission rate / sampling volume) × flow rate (0.1 L min−1)];
Olfactometry.