Table 1.

Study characteristics

Author	n	Type of animal	Study design	Type of defect	Cell type	Number of cells	Route of delivery	Follow-up (weeks)
Aykan et al. [2]	20	Sheep	RCT	Mandibular	BMSCs	8 × 106	DI	6
Jang et al. [36]	6	Dog	RCT	Radiul	UCB-MSCs	2 × 106	CS	12
Lucarelli et al. [37]	20	Sheep	RCT	Metatarsal	BMSCs	4 × 106	CS	16
Field et al. [38]	24	Sheep	RCT	Tibial	BMSCs	2.25 × 108	CS	36
Liao et al. [39]	8	Dog	RCT	Mandibular	BMSCs	1 × 108	DI	16
Li et al. [6]	12	Dog	RCT	Ulna	ASCs	2 × 107	CS	16
Ai et al. [40]	10	Rabbit	Cohort	Tibial	BMSCs	1 × 106	CS	8
Peng et al. [41]	12	Dog	RCT	Femoral head	BMSCs	1 × 107	CS	30
Cui et al. [4]	14	Dog	Cohort	Parietal bones	ASCs	2 × 107	CS	24
Li et al. [42]	16	Sheep	RCT	Metatarsus	BMSCs	2 × l08	CS	24
Ren et al. [7]	10	Pig	Cohort	Ulna	ASCs	1 × 106	TVI	12
Niemeyer et al. [43]	28	Sheep	Cohort	Tibia	BMSCs	2 × 107	CS	26
Wang et al. [5]	128	Rabbit	RCT	Femurs	BMSCs	5 × 106	CS	12
Zheng et al. [44]	7	Pig	Cohort	Mandibular	SPDs	2 × 107–4 × 108	CS	24
Yan et al. [3]	13	Dog	Cohort	ONFH	BMSCs	2 × 107	DI	12
Yew et al. [18]	15	Rabbit	Cohort	Cranial bone	BMSCs	1 × 106	CS	12
Yamada et al. [45]	12	Dog	Cohort	Mandible	BMSCs	1 × 107	DI	8
Yuan et al. [8]	11	Dog	Cohort	Mandibular	BMSCs	2 × 107	CS	32
Yuan et al. [9]	24	Sheep	Cohort	Mandibular	BMSCs	2 × 107	CS	32
Zhou et al. [10]	16	Dog	RCT	Inferior orbital rim bone	BMSCs	2 × 107	CS	12

ASCs, adipose stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; CS, cell-seeded scaffold; DI, directly inject into the defect; SPDs, stem cells of pig deciduous teeth; TVI, tail vein injection; UCB-MSCs, umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs.