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. 2013 Nov 4;26(1):149–162. doi: 10.1002/adma.201303349

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© 2013 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Self-cleaning and healing. (a) Voltage controlled dynamic topography surfaces based on dielectric elastomers for detaching bacterial biofilms. The electric field causes deformation of the elastomer surface (left image), which detaches over 95 % of the biofilm (middle and right image before and after deformation). Reprinted with permission.^49a Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (b) Rubber composite healing at room temperature. The sequence of images shows cutting, joining, mending and stretching the rubber after healing. Reprinted with permission.⁵² Copyright 2008, Macmillan Publishing Ltd. (c) and (d) show two examples of electrically and mechanically self-healable polymer composites, in (c) the composite contains nickel microparticles Reprinted with permission.^53a Copyright 2012 Macmillan Publishing Ltd.) in (d) silver nanowires to achieve electrical conductivity. Reprinted with permission.^53b Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH.