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. 2014 Nov 19;7:518. doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0518-2

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© Williams et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Activity of plant extracts and purified condensed tannin fractions against Oesophagostomum dentatum third-stage larvae. A – Percentage O. dentatum L3 migration after overnight incubation in media only, ivermectin (50 μg/mL) or plant extracts (1 mg/mL). Results are the mean of two independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. B – Percentage of O. dentatum L3 migration after overnight incubation in media only or in plant extracts pre-incubated with PVPP (see materials and methods). Results are mean of two independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. C – Percentage of O. dentatum L3 migration after overnight incubation in derived F2 ractions from hazelnut skin, willow bark or Tilia flowers. Results are mean of two independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Concentration refers to the amount of CT in each fraction. The dashed line represents the number of migrated larvae after incubation in medium only (negative control). D – Percentage development of O. dentatum from L3 to L4 after 14 days incubation in medium only, plant extracts (1 mg/mL) or diethylcarbamazine (25 mM). Results are from a single experiment performed in triplicate. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.