Table 3.

Articles reviewed – IPV and SU

Author, publication year	Sample size	Sample description	Key findings	Recommendations provided
Bennett and O'Brien, 2007 (57)	255 women	Non-random sample of women seeking services from 1 of 6 agencies	Coordinated/integrated services associated with: greater self-efficacy in coping with and feeling less vulnerable to the effects of IPV greater perceived vulnerability to IPV decreased SU	×
Bennett and O'Brien, 2010 (58)	128 women	See Bennett and O'Brien, 2007 above	Care pathway does not have a substantial effect on outcomes where services are integrated/coordinated Women entering through IPV agencies had less positive SU outcomes at follow-up than those entering through SU doors Women entering through SU door have more complications than women entering through IPV door Suggests screening at intake only for IPV & SU is inadequate to capture long-term effects of IPV on SU recovery	✓
Brackley et al., 2010 (59)	n/a	Narrative review	Reviews TIPS 25 recommendations	✓
Fowler, 2007 (60)	102 women	New intakes and current VAW shelter residents	Incidence of SU 5–18% higher than noted in the file Supports the need for shelter-based SU assessment & intervention	×
Galvani, 2006 (61)	13 health care providers	Key informants drawn from a sample of professionals developing IPV & SU practices in England	Safety is primary consideration Treat the whole woman (not just her substance user) Appears SU providers fail to recognize & address IPV leaving women & children at risk	✓
Gilbert et al., 2006 (62)	34 women	Randomized controlled trial of adult women enrolled in an outpatient Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program who reported recent IPV and illicit drug use	Intervention effective in: reducing IPV & SU among women on methadone positive secondary outcomes (mental health distress& HIV) Intervention is both needed and feasible	✓ (with modification)
Gutierres and Van Puymbroeck, 2006 (63)	22 articles	Literature review	Complex relationship between trauma and SU Childhood violence creates a vulnerability to SU Childhood abuse and SU are independent but related risk factors for future adult violence victimization IPV and sexual assault in adulthood contribute to increased SU which leads to increased victimization SU treatment should address trauma and be designed specifically for women	✓
Humphreys et al., 2005 (64)	48 health care providers	Literature review/semi-structured key informant interviews with professionals working in IPV or SU policy or practice	Silos exist for many reasons (i.e. single issue focus, concerns about causality, complex needs, lack of knowledge and training, and fragmentation at government levels) Working together is more effective than working alone	×
Lipsky and Caetano, 2008 (65)	3,050 women and men	Sample drawn from 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (cross sectional survey conducted annually in the USA)	Individuals who experience IPV are more likely to access alcohol treatment services Highlights potential to identify IPV in SU settings and provide referral and intervention services	×
Macy and Goodbourn, 2012 (66)	15 articles	Systematic literature review +Google/Google Scholar search and backward search of all documents	Promote successful collaborations (coordination, integration, linkage) btw IPV & SU treatment services, providers & researchers Interagency collaboration requires provider, director, agency and policy level strategies Challenges to collaboration include insufficient training, differences in service and treatment philosophies, limited financial resources, fragmented policies	✓ (included 3 articles from our review)
Macy et al., 2013 (67)	15 women	Exploratory qualitative study with women from SU treatment agency in Southwestern USA	Address the ways that co-occurring IPV & SU manifest in women's lives Children motivate women to seek help but women are reluctant to disclose IPV or SU for fear of losing their children	✓
Martin et al., 2008 (68)	71 health care providers	Survey sent to all 84 IPV programs in North Carolina, USA	Many women utilizing shelters have SU problems however not all shelters/staff are properly equipped to deal with SU problems	✓
Panchanadeswaran et al., 2008 (69)	416 women	Face-to-face, structured interviews with randomly selected woman from 14 Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programs in NYC, USA	Lower levels of perceived social support were significantly associated with physical aggression, sexual assaults and injurious attacks Highest levels of perceived social support were from significant others and lowest levels from friends Significantly lower levels of perceived social support for drug-abusing women in the context of IPV	✓
Schumacher and Holt, 2012 (70)	Unclear number of articles	Literature review	SA is common in women accessing IPV shelters; IPV shelter policies may bar women with active SA Preliminary evidence suggests that addressing both problems through parallel or integrated treatment may benefit women who access IPV shelters	✓ (excluded recommendations from articles in our review)