Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of studied cohorts – general population, normal weight, overweight and obese
| Parameter | General population | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls (n = 775) | Boys (n = 743) | p | Girls (n = 322) | Boys (n = 293) | p | Girls (n = 116) | Boys (n = 114) | p | Girls (n = 381) | Boys (n = 302) | p | |
| Age* (years) | 16.02 (15.10;17.00) | 16.08 (15.13;17.00) | 0.745 | 16.12 (15.16; 17.02) | 15.87 (15.08; 16.84) | 0.097 | 15.66 (14.82; 16.92) | 16.04 (14.46; 17.08) | 0.465 | 15.18 (14.07; 16.42) | 15.21 (14.03;16.56) | 0.990 |
| BMI* (kg/m 2 ) | 21.25 (19.41; 23.61) | 21.47 (19.64; 24.48) | 0.022 | 20.28 (19.58; 21.15) | 20.29 (19.58; 21.08) | 0.963 | 24.79 (24.17; 25.48) | 24.75 (24.08; 25.70) | 0.934 | 29.95 (27.89; 33.07) | 30.34 (28.13; 33.95) | 0.146 |
| BMI* z-score | 0.24 (-0.46; 1.15) | 0.22 (-0.39; 1.25) | 0.280 | -0.12 (-0.41; 0.19) | -0.15 (-0.39; 0.10) | 0.114 | 1.60 (1.39; 1.60) | 1.43 (1.22; 1.66) | 0.000 | 3.53 (2.78; 4.65) | 3.50 (2.69; 4.72) | 0.506 |
| FBG* (mmol/l) | 4.83 (4.55; 5.09) | 5.09 (4.84; 5.35) | 0.000 | 4.79 (4.52; 5.06) | 5.08 (4.82; 5.31) | 0.000 | 4.79 (4.52; 5.07) | 5.13 (4.90; 5.43) | 0.000 | 4.82 (4.52; 5.14) | 5.08 (4.81; 5.34) | 0.000 |
| Insulin* (mIU/l) | 10.57 (7.91; 14.08) | 9.78 (7.25; 13.70) | 0.010 | 9.80 (7.6; 12.17) | 8.4 (6.42; 11.61) | 0.001 | 11.84 (9.24; 15.16) | 11.30 (8.85; 15.29) | 0.626 | 13.93 (9.72; 19.84) | 15.98 (11.22; 24.83) | 0.001 |
| C-peptide* (nmol/l) | 0.75 (0.63; 0.89) | 0.69 (0.57; 0.86) | 0.000 | 0.71 (0.60; 0.82) | 0.64 (0.53; 0.77) | 0.000 | 0.79 (0.68; 0.91) | 0.78 (0.65; 0.92) | 0.723 | 0.92 (0.74; 1.13) | 0.94 (0.77; 1.23) | 0.040 |
| HOMA-IR* | 2.26 (1.66; 3.11) | 2.23 (1.63; 3.20) | 0.681 | 2.09 (1.54; 2.72) | 1.89 (1.43; 2.71) | 0.099 | 2.52 (1.92; 3.32) | 2.65 (1.91; 3.65) | 0.360 | 2.95 (2.10; 4.29) | 3.56 (2.51; 5.74) | 0.000 |
| C-peptide/Insulin* | 10.09 (8.37; 11.93) | 9.96 (8.48; 12.09) | 0.543 | 10.39 (9.15; 12.13) | 10.47 (8.97; 12.41) | 0.728 | 9.50 (8.16; 11.13) | 9.52 (7.99; 11.24) | 0.814 | 9.21 (7.73; 11.15) | 8.54 (6.98; 10.08) | 0.000 |
| TG* (mmol/l) | 0.87 (0.67; 1.18) | 0.82 (0.63; 1.08) | 0.002 | 0.83 (0.65; 1.19) | 0.74 (0.58; 0.92) | 0.000 | 0.90 (0.66; 1.18) | 0.94 (0.66; 1.23) | 0.714 | 0.96 (0.74; 1.38) | 1.12 (0.82; 1.64) | 0.000 |
| GMT* (μkat/l) | 0.20 (0.17; 0.25) | 0.26 (0.22; 0.337) | 0.000 | 0.19 (0.16; 0.24) | 0.25 (0.21; 0.30) | 0.000 | 0.22 (0.18; 0.30) | 0.30 (0.25; 0.42) | 0.000 | 0.25 (0.2; 0.32) | 0.34 (0.27; 0.51) | 0.000 |
| fT3/fT4* | 0.35 (0.32; 0.40) | 0.39 (0.35; 0.44) | 0.000 | 0.35 (0.32; 0.40) | 0.39 (0.35; 0.44) | 0.000 | 0.36 (0.32; 0.39) | 0.40 (0.36; 0.46) | 0.000 | 0.35 (0.31;0.40) | 0.40 (0.36; 0.46) | 0.000 |
| SHBG* (nmol/l) | 57.77 (37.35; 82.62) | 31.63 (23.15; 43.80) | 0.000 | 63.04 (45.26; 89.82) | 35.45 (25.94; 48.58) | 0.000 | 44.50 (27.99;71.62) | 29.49 (21.76; 43.38) | 0.000 | 31.90 (22.59; 45.54) | 22.62 (15.76; 43.78) | 0.000 |
| Testosterone* (nmol/l) | 0.30 (0.22; 0.40) | 5.25 (4.02; 6.73) | 0.000 | 0.30 (0.22; 0.41) | 5.97 (4.72; 7.10) | 0.000 | 0.31 (0.23; 0.43) | 4.60 (3.32; 6.41) | 0.000 | 0.36 (0.26; 0.48) | 2.96 (1.75; 4.34) | 0.000 |
| Adiponectin* (mg/l) | 7.82 (5.36; 10.56) | 6.00 (4.55; 8.17) | 0.000 | 8.61 (6.09; 11.04) | 6.59 (5.05; 8.43) | 0.000 | 6.34 (4.86; 8.98) | 5.28 (4.00; 7.42) | 0.001 | 5.58 (3.96; 7.81) | 4.52 (3.30; 6.00) | 0.000 |
| Ghrelin* (pg/ml) | 669.11 (503.72; 899.49) | 600.59 (459.78; 829.32) | 0.000 | 688.97 (507.15; 918.92) | 597.65 (460.22; 869.06) | 0.006 | 646.55 (520.87; 862.62) | 580.91 (480.43; 783.88) | 0.138 | 582.61 (445.71; 759.52) | 543.17 (406.74; 686.29) | 0.012 |
| Leptin* (ng/ml) | 4.81 (3.07; 7.29) | 0.89 (0.51; 2.18) | 0.000 | 4.02 (2.81; 5.81) | 0.63 (0.41; 0.89) | 0.000 | 7.25 (5.27; 9.96) | 2.16 (1.21; 3.20) | 0.000 | 9.41 (6.20; 14.69) | 5.48 (3.28; 8.32) | 0.000 |
| PAI-1* (ng/ml) | 2.97 (2.04; 3.94) | 3.03 (2.35; 4.10) | 0.002 | 2.64 (1.89; 3.43) | 2.79 (2.21; 3.57) | 0.033 | 3.46 (2.45; 4.70) | 3.37 (2.74; 4.45) | 0.842 | 4.40 (3.19; 6.19) | 4.87 (3.53; 6.76) | 0.013 |
| HOMA-IR > 2.5 (n,%) | 314 (40.50%) | 304 (40.90%) | 0.874† | 98 (30.40%) | 82 (28.00%) | 0.505† | 58 (50.00%) | 59 (51.80%) | 0.790† | 251 (65.90%) | 228 (75.50%) | 0.006† |
| HOMA-IR > 4 (n,%) | 84 (10.80%) | 106 (14.30%) | 0.044† | 15 (4.70%) | 21 (7.20%) | 0.186† | 13 (11.20%) | 20 (17.50%) | 0.170† | 111 (29.10%) | 133 (44.00%) | 0.000† |
| IFG (n,%) | 34 (4.40%) | 72 (9.70%) | 0.000† | 12 (3.70%) | 20 (6.80%) | 0.084† | 2 (1.70%) | 15 (13.20%) | 0.001† | 22 (5.80%) | 29 (9.60%) | 0.060† |
| T2DM (n,%) | 1 (0.13%) | 2 (0.27) | ‡ | 0 | 0 | --- | 0 | 0 | --- | 2 (0.50%) | 1 (0.30%) | ‡ |
BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; FBG, fasting blood glucose; fT3/fT4, ratio of free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine; GMT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TG, triglycerides. *Data are described as median, lower and upper quartiles. †Chi-test was used. ‡Not calculated due to small number of probands. Data significant at p < 0.05.