Table 1.
Characteristics of the study cohort
| Men | Women | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 18,174 | N = 15,120 | ||
| (54.6%) | (45.4%) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Mean age at DM diagnosis (SD) | 61.7 (13.2) | 62.9 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Mean age at DM diagnosis (SD) By age group | |||
| <55 | 46.4 (5.9) | 44.8 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| 55+ | 68.8 (9.0) | 71.1 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| Age group <55 years | 5,766 (31.6) | 4,745 (31.2) | 0.457 |
| Mean years of follow-up (SD) | 5.10 (3.1) | 5.14 (3.1) | 0.257 |
| Range of follow up in years | 0-12.0 | 0-12.0 | |
| Comorbidity | |||
| CDS score (Quartile) | <0.001 | ||
| 2 | 5,258 (28.9) | 3,143 (20.8) | |
| 3-5 | 5,161 (28.4) | 4,657 (30.8) | |
| 6-8 | 5,004 (27.5) | 4,469 (29.6) | |
| 9+ | 2,751 (15.1) | 2,851 (18.9) | |
| Cardiovascular disease status at baseline (diabetes diagnosis) | 6,504 (35.8) | 5,008 (33.1) | <0.0001 |
| Renal disease in the 3 years prior to index | 360 (2.0) | 247 (1.6) | 0.031 |
| Access to care in the 3 years prior to index | |||
| Total physician office visits | <0.001 | ||
| 0-11 office visits | 5,792 (31.9) | 2,857 (18.9) | |
| 12-21 office visits | 4,814 (26.5) | 3,579 (23.7) | |
| 22-35 office visits | 3,976 (21.9) | 4,179 (27.6) | |
| 36 or more office visits | 3,592 (19.8) | 4,505 (29.8) | |
| Hospitalizations | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 11,989 (66.0) | 9,661 (63.9) | |
| 1 or more | 6,185 (34.0) | 5,459 (36.1) | |
| Day surgeries | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 13,146 (72.3) | 10,587 (70.0) | |
| 1 or more | 5,028 (27.7) | 4,533 (30.0) | |
| Cardioprotective medication use in the 1 year prior to DM diagnosis | |||
| Statin | 2,530 (13.9) | 2,050 (13.6) | 0.339 |
| ACEi | 4,576 (25.2) | 3,831 (25.3) | 0.740 |
| ARB | 1,187 (6.5) | 1,401 (9.3) | <0.0001 |
| ACEi or ARB | 5,505 (30.3) | 4,977 (32.9) | <0.0001 |
| Any of the above | 6,541 (36.0) | 5,868 (38.8) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: DM diabetes mellitus, SD standard deviation, ACEi angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers.