Table 3.
Willingness to pay for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributes (N = 515)
| Attributes and levels | Marginal effect (95 % CI) | Marginal WTP to avoid level (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Relieves symptoms (reference: complete relief) | ||
| Little or no relief | −1.23 (−1.33, −1.12) | $63.62 (58.16–69.08) |
| Some relief | −0.54 (−0.64, −0.43) | $27.74 (22.28–33.20) |
| Feel medicine start to work (reference: within 5 min) | ||
| Within 20 min | −0.19 (−0.24, −0.15) | $10.00 (7.74–12.27) |
| Within 30 min or more | −0.25 (−0.30, −0.21) | $13.02 (10.75–15.28) |
| Ease of use (reference: quick and easy) | ||
| Requires some practice and care | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.04) | $4.75 (2.25–7.25) |
| More difficult and time-consuming | −0.30 (−0.35, −0.25) | $15.53 (13.03–18.03) |
| Rescue medicine use (reference: rarely, 1–2 times per week or less) | ||
| 3–5 times per week | −0.38 (−0.48, −0.29) | $19.83 (14.99–24.67) |
| Every day | −0.61 (−0.70, −0.52) | $31.57 (26.73–36.41) |
| Side effects (reference: no side effects) | ||
| Mild side effects | −0.29 (−0.33, −0.24) | $14.81 (12.40–17.22) |
| Moderate to severe side effects | −1.13 (−1.18, −1.09) | $58.69 (56.28–61.11) |
Reference was the most favorable level for each COPD medication attribute. 95 % CIs that did not include zero were considered to be statistically significant
CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WTP willingness to pay