Proliferation and invasiveness of OSCC cells under various co-culture conditions. OSCC cells were co-cultured with either OSCC cells or CAFs at different doses. (A) Microscopic morphology was obtained (original magnification, × 100; scale bar, 500 μm), and cell proliferation rate after 48 hours was determined by the MTT assay. (B) Invasion assay was performed under various co-culture conditions. After incubation at 37°C for 48 hours, microscopic morphology was obtained (original magnification, × 100; scale bar, 100 μm) and cells that penetrated the upper filter were counted manually under a light microscope. The micrographs shown in this figure are representative of three independent experiments that showed similar results. Quantitative results indicate average values of three independent experiments, each of which was conducted in triplicate (n = 9). The results are shown as mean values ± SD (n = 9) and were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (*P < .05 and **P < .01).