Table 6.

Unadjusted odds ratios for predictors of TF and mortality among children with very severe pneumonia

Predictor	Risk of TF 1 – a priori definition OR (95% CI)	P	Risk of TF 2 – alternative definition OR (95% CI)	P	Risk of mortality OR (95% CI)	P
Age (2–11 vs. 12–59 months)	2.08 (1.05–4.10)	0.03	3.00 (1.17–7.74)	0.02	1.80 (0.57–5.67)	0.31
Female gender	1. 45 (0.81–2.59)	0.21	1.69 (0.83–3.42)	0.14	5.61 (1.55–20.39)	0.003
Hib* immunization status up to date	0.76 (0.43–1.34)	0.34	0.79 (0.41–1.49)	0.44	0.70 (0.26–1.89)	0.49
Severe malnutrition†	1.33 (0.74–2.39)	0.33	1.56 (0.78–3.13)	0.21	1.91 (0.67–4.92)	0.23
Central cyanosis	1.67 (0.71–3.97)	0.24	1.58 (0.61–4.11)	0.34	1.85 (0.56–6.08)	0.30
Inability to drink	2.08 (1.12–3.90)	0.02	2.27 (1.03–4.99)	0.04	6.39 (1.40–29.23)	0.006
Altered consciousness	2.58 (1.26–5.31)	0.008	2.09 (0.96–4.55)	0.06	3.58 (1.36–9.43)	0.006
Head nodding	0.92 (0.52–1.63)	0.77	0.79 (0.40–1.57)	0.51	1.02 (0.40–2.59)	0.97
Grunting	2.33 (1.29–4.23)	0.004	1.74 (0.88–3.46)	0.11	2.15 (0.84–5.50)	0.10
Hypoxia (SpO2 <90%)	0.94 (0.51–1.74)	0.95	0.83 (0.40–1.70)	0.61	0.71 (0.27–1.86)	0.49
Wheeze on admission	0.37 (0.17–0.79)	0.01	0.45 (0.17–1.15)	0.09	0.31 (0.07–1.42)	0.11
Previous hospital admission	0.63 (0.29–1.37)	0.24	0.86 (0.35–2.14)	0.75	1.05 (0.33–3.35)	0.93
Benzyl penicillin/gentamicin vs. benzyl penicillin alone	0.25 (0.09–0.68)	0.007	0.12 (0.02–0.90)	0.04	0.27 (0.03–2.11)	0.21
Benzyl penicillin/gentamicin vs. other antibiotics	1.84 (0.84–4.00)	0.13	2.82 (1.26–6.30)	0.01	1.84 (0.65–5.20)	0.25
HIV rapid antibody test positive	1.91 (0.77–4.72)	0.16	2.88 (1.08–7.68)	0.03	2.46 (0.72–8.46)	0.14

TF, treatment failure.

^*Haemophilus influenzae type b.

^†Visible severe wasting or oedema of both feet due to kwashiorkor.