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. 2014 Aug 28;171(18):4233–4246. doi: 10.1111/bph.12784

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Effects of unilateral micro-injection of orexin A (0.1 μl) into the hypoglossal nucleus on the GG-EMG in adult rats. (A) Location of the hypoglossal nucleus at bregma −13.68 mm in the atlas (left) and micro-injection trace in the hypoglossal nucleus (right) indicated by an arrow. (B) A typical example illustrating GG-EMG increased by orexin A micro-injection at 50 (n = 6), 100 (n = 5) and 200 μM (n = 5). Arrow indicates the time of orexin A injection. The traces of tonic and respiratory-related GG activities induced by different doses of orexin A are shown with smaller time window upon the compressed graphics. (C) Effect of orexin A on the tonic and respiratory-related GG-EMG. Values are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, vs control. HN, hypoglossal nucleus; CC, central canal.