Figure 3.

Effects of emodin on calcium mobilization and vasoconstriction. (A) Aortic rings without endothelium were pretreated with emodin for 2 h, phenylephrine-induced contraction was measured. (B) Effects of emodin on ICS-, VOCC- and SOCC-mediated vasoconstriction were measured in aortic rings without endothelium. (C) Effects of emodin (10 μM, 2 h) on calcium were observed in primary smooth muscle cells with a fluorometric method employing fura-2/AM. Verapamil was used as positive control. Values are mean ± SEM of three to four independent experiments. *Represents significant difference from control (anova and Duncan's post hoc analysis, P < 0.05).