Table 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds of Intensive Procedure Use in the Last Six Months of Life
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Subject characteristics | ||
| Age (reference = 74 or younger) | ||
| 75–84 | 1.15 (0.95 – 1.39) | 0.82 (0.64 – 1.07) |
| 85–94 | 0.69 (0.57 – 0.85) | 0.67 (0.51 – 0.90) |
| 95+ | 0.63 (0.43 – 0.91) | 0.55 (0.35 – 0.85) |
| Female | 0.87 (0.72 – 1.05) | 0.91 (0.73 – 1.13) |
| Race (reference = non-Hispanic white) | ||
| Black | 2.21 (1.73 – 2.80) | 2.02 (1.52 – 2.69) |
| Hispanic | 1.94 (1.36 – 2.75) | 1.53 (1.00 – 2.34) |
| Other | 1.73 (0.91 – 3.30) | 2.04 (1.03 – 4.02) |
| Completed high school | 0.83 (0.69 – 1.00) | 1.01 (0.81 – 1.26) |
| Married | 1.12 (0.92 – 1.36) | 0.95 (0.75 – 1.21) |
| Net worth (reference = lower quartile) | ||
| Second quartile (≥$9,300, <$89.500) | 1.05 (0.84 – 1.31) | 0.99 (0.74 – 1.33) |
| Third quartile (≥$89,500, <$264,000) | 0.93 (0.74 – 1.16) | 1.11 (0.81 – 1.53) |
| Upper quartile (≥$264,000) | 0.95 (0.76 – 1.17) | 1.21 (0.88 – 1.68) |
| Nursing home resident | 0.55 (0.42 – 0.73) | 0.70 (0.50 – 0.97) |
| Religion is “very important” | 1.04 (0.85 – 1.27) | 0.95 (0.76 – 1.17) |
| Relatives nearby | 0.91 (0.74 – 1.12) | 0.89 (0.72 – 1.09) |
| Advance directive | 0.52 (0.43 – 0.63) | 0.71 (0.57 – 0.89) |
| Needs assistance with at least one ADLa | 0.74 (0.61 – 0.91) | 0.89 (0.70 – 1.12) |
| Chronic medical conditions (6 to 12 months before death) | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.39 (1.09 – 1.77) | 1.08 (0.82 – 1.44) |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 1.13 (0.92 – 1.38) | 0.96 (0.76 – 1.21) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1.22 (1.00 – 1.49) | 1.07 (0.84 – 1.38) |
| Diabetes | 1.41 (1.16 – 1.72) | 1.03 (0.82 – 1.30) |
| Hip fracture | 0.63 (0.36 – 1.08) | 0.76 (0.43 – 1.34) |
| Depression | 1.10 (0.84 – 1.44) | 1.12 (0.82 – 1.53) |
| Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack | 1.13 (0.88 – 1.45) | 1.06 (0.80 – 1.40) |
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 1.29 (1.07 – 1.56) | 1.10 (0.88 – 1.38) |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 0.68 (0.54 – 0.86) | 0.71 (0.54 – 0.94) |
| Cancerb | 0.72 (0.52 – 0.99) | 0.60 (0.43 – 0.85) |
| Comorbidity Scorec | 1.05 (1.02 – 1.08) | 1.04 (0.99 – 1.10) |
| Regional factors | ||
| Hospital Care Intensity (HCI) Index | 2.95 (2.18 – 4.00) | 2.16 (1.48 – 3.13) |
| Acute hospital beds per 1,000 residents | 1.36 (1.14 – 1.62) | 1.18 (0.96 – 1.44) |
| Specialists per 100,000 residents | 1.00 (1.00 – 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00 – 1.01) |