Table 1.

Design and Results for Functional Imaging Studies of Cognitive Reappraisal

#	Study	Design				Results
						Control Systems			Emotion systems
		Stimulus	Emotion	Strategy	Goal	lat PFC	ACC	med PFC	Amyg	Insula	Other	Behavior
1	Beauregard et al, 2001	Films	Sexual Arousal	More Dist	Dec	Ld/Rd	Rd	Rd	R	-	Hyp	Less arousal
2	Ochsner et al, 2002	Images	Neg	Reint	Dec	Ldv	Ld	-	L	L	-	Less affect
3	Schaeffer et al, 2002	Images	Neg	Reint	Maintain	nr	nr	nr	L/RΩΩ	nr	nr	Sustained affect
4	Levesque et al, 2003	Films	Sadness	More Dist	Dec	Rdv	-	-	L	L	-	Less sad
5	Ochsner et al, 2004	Images	Neg	Reint+More Dist	Dec	Ld/Rd	Lv/Rv	-	L/R	L/R	-	Less affect
		Images	Neg	Reint+ Less Dist	Inc	Ld	Lv	Ld	L	-	-	More affect
		Images	Neg	Reint > More Dist	Dec	Ld	-	-	-	-	-	No difference
		Images	Neg	More Dist > Reint	Dec	-	Ls	-	-	-	-	No difference
6	Levesque et al, 2004Ω	Films	Sadness	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rdv	Rd	Ld/Rd	-	-	-	Less sadness
7	Kalisch et al, 2005	Anticip Shock	Anxiety	Dist	Dec	Rd	-	Rd	-	-	R dmPFC	Less Anxiety, HR
8	Phan et al, 2005	Images	Neg	Reint	Dec	Ld/Rdv	Ld/Rd	Rd	L	Ra	-	Less affect
9	Harenski et al, 2006	Images	Neg Nonmoral	Reint	Dec		-	-	-	-	-	Less affect
		Images	Moral Violation	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rv	-	-	L/R	-	-	Less affect
		Images	Moral > Neg	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rd	Rd	Ld	-	-	-	Less affect
10	Kalisch et al, 2006	Anticip Shock	Anxiety	More Dist	Dec	Ld	Ls	-	-	-	-	NC anxiety
11	Ohira et al, 2006	Images	Neg + Pos	Supp**	Dec	Lv		Lv/Rv	L	- R Tmp pole		NC affect; SCL up
12	Urry et al, 2006	Images	Neg	Reint	Dec	-	-	Ld/Rv*	L*/R*	-	-	Less affect, pupils dilate
		Images	Neg	Reint	Inc	Ldv	Ld	Ld	L/R	-	-	More affect, pupils dilate
13	Eippert et al, 2006	Images	Neg	More Dist	Dec	Ldv	Rd/Ld	-	L	-	-	Less SCL
		Images	Neg	Less Dist	Inc	Ld/Rdv	Ld/Rd	Rd	L/R	-	-	More SCL/Startle
14	Kim et al, 2007	Images	Neg	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rdv	Ld/Rd	-	-	-	-	Less arousal
			Pos	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rdv	Ld/Rd	-	R	-	-	More arousal
			Pos > Neg	Reint	Dec		-	-	-	-	-	Less arousal
			Neg > Pos	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rdv	Ld/Rd	-	-	-	-	Less arousal
			Neg	Reint	Inc	Ldv	Rdv	Ld/Rd	L	-	-	More arousal
			Pos	Reint	Inc	Ldv/Rv		Rd	L/R	-	-	More arousal
			Pos > Neg	Reint	Inc	Ldv/Rd	-	Ld	L	-	-	More arousal
			Neg > Pos	Reint	Inc		-	-	Rd	-	-	More arousal
15	Goldin et al, in press	Films	Disgust	Reint	Dec	Ldv/Rd (ely)	-	Ld (ely)	R (lt)	L (lt)	-	Less affect
		Films	Disgust	Suppress face	Dec	Lv/Rdv (lt)	-	d (lt)	R(lt) up	La (lt) up	-	Less affect + face
		Films	Disgust	Reint > Supp	Dec	Ldv (ely)	-	Ld (ely)	-	La (ely)	-	Less affect
		Films	Disgust	Supp > Reint	Dec	Lv/Rv (lt)	d (lt)	Lv (lt)	-	-	-	Less face
16	van Reekum et al, in press	Images	Neg	Reint	Inc>Dec>Base	Ldv/Rdv		Rd	-	-	-	Inc/Dec more/less affect
		Images	Neg	Reint	Inc>Dec=Base	-	Lv	-	-	-	-	as above
		Images	Neg	Reint	Inc=Base>Dec	-	-	-	L/R	-	-	as above
		Images	Neg	Reint	Inc>Base>Dec	-	-	-	-	-	R Put	as above

Note: Studies are organized chronologically. Unless otherwise specified, activations are for contrasts in which the same stimulus type (e.g. negative image) is presented in two conditions: A baseline condition in which emotional responses are allowed to flow naturally, and a reappraisal condition in which responses are regulated cognitively. Column labels: # = identifier for referring to study in text; Study = study listed in references; Stimulus = type of stimulus employed; Emotion = type of emotional/affective response elicited; Strategy = type of strategy (varying psychological distance or reinterpreting the meaning of the stimulus); Goal = increase or decrease response; Control Systems = systems associated with control processes; Emotion Systems = systems associated with emotional responses. Abbreviations: For Stimulus: Anticip = anticipate; For Emotion: Pos = positive affect, Neg = negative affect; For Strategy: reint = cognitively reinterpret, dist = become more or less psychologically distant, face = facial expression, supp = suppress facial behavior; For Control and Emotion Systems: Unless otherwise noted, control systems are activated and emotion systems are modulated in accord with reappraisal goals; nr = not reported, L = left, R = right, d = dorsal, v = ventral, m = medial, l = lateral, a = anterior, PFC = prefrontal cortex, ACC = anterior cingulate cortex, Amyg = amygdala, Hyp = hypothalamus, ely = activity in early phase of stimulus presentation, lt = activity in late phase of stimulus presentation; For Behavior: HR = heart rate, pupils dilate = greater pupil dilation, which is an indicator of effort or arousal, face = facial expression, NC = no change.

For Study 9,

^*means that regions of vmPFC correlate inversely with the amygdala, but neither region showed significant change in the overall group contrast to identify regions activated or modulated by reappraisal.

^**Ohira et al instructed participants to, “suppress emotional response” but didn’t make clear if that meant expressive behavior or experience. We assume the former because they observed no changes in experience and compared their paper to Gross’s expressive suppression work.

^ΩUsed only children as participants.

^ΩΩDid ROI analyses collapsing across both amygdalae.