Table 3.
Association between Estrogen DNA Adduct Ratio and fruit and vegetable botanical groups
| Botanical groupings | Common example3,4 | Consumption
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Any | Coefficient (SE) | p-value1 | |||||
| n (%) | EDA ratio | n (%) | Median consumption2 | EDA ratio | ||||
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Gramineae | Corn | 41 (78.8) | 22.7 | 11 (21.2) | 0.07 | 20.1 | 0.19 (0.27) | 0.47 |
| Oleaceae | Olive | 37 (71.2) | 23.5 | 15 (28.8) | 0.08 | 18.9 | −0.27 (0.21) | 0.19 |
| Lauraceae | Avocado | 35 (67.3) | 21.9 | 17 (32.7) | 0.08 | 22.6 | −0.12 (0.23) | 0.60 |
| Agaricaceae | Mushroom | 33 (63.5) | 23.2 | 19 (36.5) | 0.04 | 20.3 | −0.01 (0.22) | 0.98 |
| Chenopodiaceae | Spinach | 32 (61.5) | 24.0 | 20 (38.5) | 0.15 | 19.2 | −0.47 (0.20) | 0.02 |
| Umbelliferae | Carrots, celery | 18 (34.6) | 27.6 | 34 (65.4) | 0.27 | 19.3 | −0.40 (0.18) | 0.03 |
| Cruciferae | Broccoli | 16 (30.8) | 27.4 | 36 (69.2) | 0.20 | 19.8 | −0.40 (0.20) | 0.05 |
| Compositae | Lettuce | 11 (21.2) | 28.0 | 41 (78.8) | 0.37 | 20.6 | −0.63 (0.22) | 0.01 |
| Leguminosae | Alfalfa | 6 (11.5) | 35.8 | 46 (88.5) | 0.64 | 20.4 | −0.18 (0.14) | 0.19 |
| Solanaceae | Potato | 3 (5.8) | 17.6 | 49 (94.2) | 0.80 | 22.4 | −0.01 (0.22) | 0.96 |
| Liliaceae | Onions | 3 (5.8) | 17.7 | 49 (94.2) | 0.18 | 22.4 | 0.68 (0.57) | 0.23 |
| Fruit | ||||||||
| Ericaceae | Blueberries | 41 (78.8) | 21.6 | 11 (21.2) | 0.20 | 24.1 | −0.70 (0.28) | 0.01 |
| Vitaceae | Grapes | 38 (73.1) | 21.5 | 14 (26.9) | 0.18 | 23.8 | −0.23 (0.22) | 0.30 |
| Musaceae | Banana | 27 (51.9) | 24.7 | 25 (48.1) | 0.50 | 19.4 | −0.41 (0.18) | 0.03 |
| Curcurbitaceae | Melon | 22 (42.3) | 18.6 | 30 (57.7) | 0.16 | 24.8 | 0.06 (0.21) | 0.76 |
| Rutaceae | Citrus fruits | 17 (32.7) | 22.8 | 35 (67.3) | 0.50 | 21.9 | 0.37 (0.21) | 0.07 |
| Rosaceae | Apple | 5 (9.6) | 28.0 | 47 (90.4) | 0.50 | 21.5 | 0.15 (0.40) | 0.71 |
Testing association with the EDA ratio of any versus no consumption, adjusted for age, total calories, percent carbohydrate intake, percent adiposity, serum estradiol and estrone sulfate
Median level among those consuming food categorized within this botanical grouping in servings per day
Limited to botanical groupings that is consumed by ≥ 15% of study population
Lauraceae: Avocado, cinnamon; Chenopodiaceae: Silver beet, spinach, beetroot, beets; Cruciferae: broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbages, cauliflower, collard greens, daikon, horseradish, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens and seeds, radishes, arugula, rutabagas, turnips, watercress; Solanaceae: potato, tomato, chili, tomatillo, eggplant, tamarillo; Leguminosae: alfalfa, jicama, lentils, licorice, fava, pinto, garbanzo, kidney, lima, pinto, and soy beans; Umbelliferae: carrots, celery, celeriac, parsley, dill; Compositae: artichokes, chamomile, dandelions, echinacea, endive; Liliaceae: chives, garlic, leeks, onions, scallions, asparagus; Gramineae: corn, lemongrass, sugar cane, oats, barley; Oleaceae: olive; Agaricaceae: cultivated button mushroom; Curcurbitaceae: melon, watermelon, cucumber, courgette, marrow pumpkin, squash, balsam-pear; Ericaceae: blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, lingonberries, oheloberries, wintergreen; Rosaceae: almond, apple, pear, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, plum, peach, blackberry, cherry, Juneberry, loganberry, nectarine, prune, quince, salmonberry, acerola, loquat; Rutaceae: oranges, mandarin, grapefruit, kumquats, lemons, limes, tangerines; Vitaceae: grapes; Musaceae: banana, plantain.