Table 5.
Demographic, anthropometric, biohumoral, and neurofunctional characteristics and nutritional intake/supply of stroke patients as an entire group, EAA and placebo subgroups, both at admission and discharge.
| Variables | nv | All patients (n = 38) | Placebo (n = 19) | EAAs (n = 19) | Trend over time (P level) interaction |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Admission | Discharge | Admission | Discharge | Admission | Discharge | |||
| Demographic | ||||||||
| Male/female | — | 25/13 | — | 13/6 | — | 12/7 | — | — |
| Age (years) | — | 69.7 ± 11.4 | — | 71.3 ± 10 | — | 68 ± 13.2 | — | — |
| Anthropometric | ||||||||
| Actual body weight (kg) | — | 59.8 ± 10.2 | 57.7 ± 9.8 | 57.6 ± 7.1 | 55.9 ± 7.5 | 62.2 ± 12.7 | 59.7 ± 12 | P = 0.6 |
| Actual/habitual body weight (%) | — | 90.4 ± 7.4 | 87.5 ± 9.5 | 90.5 ± 7.2 | 87.8 ± 9.3 | 90.3 ± 8 | 87.1 ± 10.3 | P = 0.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | — | 21.6 ± 3 | 20.88 ± 3.14 | 21.3 ± 2.6 | 20.7 ± 2.9 | 22 ± 3.5 | 21.1 ± 3.5 | P = 0.8 |
| Blood | ||||||||
| ESR 1st hr (mm) | 2–20 | 35.8 ± 11.7 | 33.2 ± 18.1 | 31.2 ± 6.8 | 27.6 ± 16 | 43.3 ± 15.8 | 37.2 ± 19.7 | P = 0.7 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | F > 12; M > 13 | 12.2 ± 1.6 | 12.1 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 12.3 ± 1.3 | 11.7 ± 1 | 12 ± 1.1 | P = 0.07 |
| Blood urea (mg/dL) | 20–40 | 42.7 ± 19.7 | 37.5 ± 19 | 48.70 ± 15 | 37.6 ± 7.6 | 32.7 ± 23.7 | 37.3 ± 26 | P = 0.9 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.7–1.2 | 1 ± 0.3 | 1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | P = 0.5 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 80–110 | 115.1 ± 23.6 | 106.9 ± 11.6 | 122.5 ± 25.8 | 104.8 ± 14.1 | 100.3 ± 8.5 | 109.7 ± 9.3 | P = 0.07 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | <7 | 15.9 ± 14.9 | 6.7 ± 9.86 | 11.7 ± 9 | 8.5 ± 13.5 | 19.6 ± 18.5 | 4.6 ± 2.3 | P = 0.5 |
| Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/dL) | <0.3 | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 2.5 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 2.8 | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 1.2 ± 2.3 | P = 0.6 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 230–550 | 452.4 ± 75.8 | 400.9 ± 87.9 | 465.1 ± 87.3 | 387.2 ± 68.2 | 438 ± 63.1 | 412.7 ± 106 | P = 0.8 |
| Serum haptoglobin (mg/dL) | 30–200 | 293.6 ± 93 | 211 ± 75 | 313 ± 94 | 245 ± 74 | 272 ± 92 | 169 ± 56 | P = 0.7 |
| Serum α1 globulin (mg/dL) | 210–350 | 504 ± 74 | 436 ± 89 | 506 ± 80 | 467 ± 92 | 472 ± 79 | 382 ± 85 | P = 0.8 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.02–4.76 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | P = 0.03 |
| Serum prealbumin (mg/dL) | 18–30 | 18.8 ± 5.7 | 20.9 ± 7.1 | 19.4 ± 6.5 | 19 ± 5.9 | 18.1 ± 4.9 | 22.9 ± 8.1 | P = 0.7 |
| Serum transferrin (mg/dL) | 202–364 | 183.1 ± 28.3 | 193.8 ± 35.1 | 186.1 ± 33.2 | 195.4 ± 39.6 | 179.3 ± 22.3 | 192 ± 31.8 | P = 0.5 |
| Plasma lactate (mmol/L) | 0.6–2.2 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 2 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 0.5 | P = 0.3 |
| Neurofunctional | ||||||||
| FIM score | 125 | 29.4 ± 18.5 | 54 ± 31.2 | 31.1 ± 16 | 60 ± 36.8 | 27.6 ± 21.7 | 47.4 ± 23.9 | P = 0.5 |
| DOSS score | 1–7 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | P = 0.7 |
| Nutrition (PEG or oral intake) | ||||||||
| Energy | — | |||||||
| (kcal/d) | — | 1293.6 ± 155 | Same | 1362 ± 143 | Same | 1293 ± 155 | Same | |
| (kcal/kg) | ≥25 | 22.4 ± 2.7 | 23.6 ± 2.5 | 20.7 ± 2.9 | ||||
| Protein | — | |||||||
| (g/d) | — | 54.1 ± 9.6 | Same | 58.7 ± 10.2 | Same | 54.2 ± 9.6 | Same | |
| (g/kg) | ≥1.1 | 0.94 ± 0.17 | 1.02 ± 0.17 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 1.02 ± 0.20* | |||
| Carbohydrates | — | |||||||
| (g/d) | — | 146.2 ± 32 | Same | 164.3 ± 30.1 | Same | 146.2 ± 32 | Same | |
| (g/kg) | 2.5–4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.85 ± 0.2 | 2.35 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Lipids | — | |||||||
| (g/d) | — | 56.9 ± 11 | Same | 55.3 ± 5.5 | Same | 50.1 ± 7.5 | Same | |
| (g/kg) | ≤1 | 0.98 ± 0.19 | 1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | ||||
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis: repeated measures analysis of variance. Trend over time: interaction differences in trends between groups.
BMI: body mass index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FIM: functional independence measure; DOSS: Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale.
*This amount is the sum of the protein administered/ingested (54.2 g) and protein (6.9 g) provided by supplemented EAAs [41].