Table 3.

Comparative analysis of in vitro reporter systems in mammalian and yeast cells.

Cell line	AR source	Reporter plasmid	Reporter gene	Advantage	Disadvantage	Min* dose	Reference
CHO-K1	hAR	MMTV-Neo-luc	Luciferase	Distinguishes androgen/antiandrogen activities	Expresses low levels of endogenous GR	0.1 nM	Roy et al., 2004 [4]
MDA-kb2	hAR	MMTV-Neo-luc	Luciferase	Endogenous expression of AR	Expresses GR.	0.1 nM	Wilson et al., 2002 [19]
MDA-MB-453	hAR	MMTV-Neo-luc	Luciferase	Endogenous expression of AR.	Expresses GR	0.1 nM	Hartig et al., 2002 [20]
U2-OS	hAR	3x HRE- TATA-luc	Luciferase	Highly specific assay system	AR activation by Dex and progesterone	0.13 nM (EC50)	Sonneveld et al., 2005 [21]
CV1	hAR	MMTV-CAT	CAT	Rapid, high fold activation	Transient transfection	0.39 nM (EC50)	Xu et al., 2008. [23]
Yeast	hAR	p406-ARE2-CYC1-yEGFP	GFP	Robust, minimum cross talk	Low sensitivity	33 nM	Bovee et al., 2007 [24], Beck et al., 2008 [25]
Yeast	hAR	ARE-βgal	la cZ	Sensitive	Long exposure time	4 nM	Chatterjee et al., 2007 [26]
Yeast	hAR	pUTK 404	Lux	Immediate luminescence detection	High background	9.7 nM	Eldridge et al., 2007 [27]
Yeast	hAR	pUTK 404	Lux	Immediate luminescence detection	Solubility of test compounds	5 nM for DHT	Sanseverino et al., 2009 [28]

^*indicates the minimum dose which evokes a significant response.