Table 3.

Poisson regression of violent attacks on gang membership, drug selling, and neighborhood disadvantage ^a

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Intercept	−2.392***	−3.055***	−3.038***	−3.059***
Neighborhood Disadvantage (level-3 between-neighborhood)			.063***	.052***
Level-2 Between-Person Control Variables
Black b		.442***	.284**	.288**
Hispanic		.144	.061	.069
Asian		−.345	−.337	-.346
Other		−.006	−.025	−.026
Male c		.827***	.804***	.804***
Peer-Gang		.243***	.233***	.235***
Peer-Drug		.179***	.175***	.176***
Family Income j		−.002**	−.002**	−.002**
Level-1 Time Varying Control Variables
Age in months	.092***	.059***	.033	.026
Age in months squared	−.0002***	−.0002***	−.0001**	−.0001*
# of residential moves		.054	.023	.023
Urban d		.432	.404	.384
Suburb		−.034	−.101	−.073
Two parent, stepe		.348	.303	.344
One parent		.552**	.517**	.557**
Adopted		.210	−.203	−.197
Not living with a family figure		.201	.240	.289
Not in school, no diploma f		.112	.089	.078
# of weeks worked		.003	.0001	.0001
Married g		−.044	.013	−.010
Seperated/divorced		.777*	.878**	.844**
Use drugs h		1.235***	.703***	.712***
Level-1 Time Varying x Level-3 Between-Neighborhood
Not in gang, sell drugs i			1.220***	1.120***
Neighborhood Disadvantage				.014
In gang, don’t sell drugs			1.158***	.845**
Neighborhood Disadvantage				.249***
In gang, sell drugs			2.031***	1.881***
Neighborhood Disadvantage				.196*

Random Effect	Variance Component
Level-1, etij	1.190	1.153	1.095	1.062
Level–2, Intercept, Γ0ij	2.595***	2.427***	2.373***	2.407***
Level–3, Intercept, μ00	.216***	.263***	.243***	.245***

Notes:

^*(p < .10);

^**(p < .05);

^***(p < .01).

^aUnit specific, robust standard errors.

^bWhite is the referent.

^cfemale is referent.

^drural is referent

^eboth biological parents is referent.

^fin school or have diploma is referent.

^gnot married is referent.

^hdid not use drugs is referent.

ⁱnot in gang, don’t sell drugs is referent

^jfamily income multiplied by 1,000 to reduce places to the right of the decimal.