Table 2.
Comparison of continuous UPSIT score: mixed-effect model
| Predictors and group comparisons1 | Β | SE | P | 95% Confidence interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 2.94 | 0.55 | <0.001 | (1.87, 4.01) |
| Age at UPSIT | −0.16 | 0.02 | <0.001 | (−0.20, −0.12) |
| MoCA | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.36) |
| US site | 2.00 | 0.64 | 0.002 | (0.75, 3.24) |
| Ever smoke | 0.30 | 0.55 | 0.59 | (−0.79, 1.39) |
| IPD vs. control | −12.75 | 1.12 | <0.001 | (−14.95, −10.54) |
| MC vs. control | −9.08 | 1.14 | <0.001 | (−11.31, −6.84) |
| NMC vs. control | −1.22 | 1.08 | 0.26 | (−3.34, 0.91) |
| NC-F vs. control | −2.19 | 1.08 | 0.04 | (−4.31, −0.07) |
| Further group comparisons2 | ||||
| IPD vs. MC | −3.67 | 1.01 | <0.001 | (−5.66, −1.68) |
| MC vs. NMC | −7.86 | 0.98 | <0.001 | (−9.78, −5.93) |
| MC vs. NC-F | −6.88 | 0.99 | <0.001 | (−8.82, −4.95) |
| NMC vs. NC-F | 0.97 | 0.62 | 0.12 | (−0.24, 2.18) |
| IPD vs. NC-F | −10.55 | 0.86 | <0.001 | (−12.23, −8.98) |
SE, standard error; US, United States site; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; IPD, idiopathic PD; MC, manifesting carrier; NMC, nonmanifesting carrier; NC-F, noncarrier family member.
1
Group comparisons and the covariates were evaluated in the same model (using control group as the reference)
2
Additional group comparisons were deduced from the main model.