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Smad1, 5, and 8 mRNA expression is upregulated in muscle samples from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. (A) Total RNA from muscle biopsy samples was analyzed by qRT-PCR for Smad1, 5, and 8 mRNA expression in patients with ALS (n = 27), myopathy (n = 11), neuropathy (n = 9), or no neuromuscular disease (n = 13). RQ, relative quantity. *P < 0.05; ****P < 0.0001. (B) Correlation plots between the Smad Ct values from the ALS muscle samples.
