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. 2014 Oct 1;1(10):778–787. doi: 10.1002/acn3.117

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© 2014 The Authors. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc on behalf of American Neurological Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Smad1, 5, and 8 mRNAs are upregulated in G93A SOD1 mouse muscle and increase with disease progression. (A) Rotarod testing and weight measurement of G93A SOD1 mice over the course of the disease. Gastrocnemius muscle samples were obtained at the ages shown and also at day 40. Control muscle samples were obtained from age-matched nontransgenic littermates. (B) Smad1, (C) Smad5, (D) Smad8 mRNA levels were quantitated using qRT-PCR and normalized to an internal housekeeping (GAPDH) control. All data points represent the mean ± SEM of 3–8 independent mice. *P < 0.01; **P < 0.001.