Table 1.
Selected comparisons between study groups
| Counseling N = 35 | Exercise N = 53 | Comparison P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics of participants completing 12 months of study | |||
| Age (years) | 58.4 ± 6.7 | 56.4 ± 6.9 | 0.16 |
| Fraction male | 18/35 (0.51) | 31/53 (0.58) | 0.66* |
| Diabetes duration (months) | 81 ± 64 | 87 ± 54 | 0.62 |
| Metabolic, fitness and strength | |||
| Body mass index | 32.5 ± 5.7 | 33.9 ± 6.8 | 0.30 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 0.81 |
| Fasting glucose | 114 ± 32 | 120 ± 34 | 0.48 |
| Fraction taking any glucose lowering agent | 30/35 (0.85) | 46/53 (0.87) | 0.99* |
| Fraction taking insulin | 6/35 (0.17) | 8/53 (0.15) | 0.76* |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46 ± 12 | 43 ± 10 | 0.21 |
| Quadriceps peak force (N) | 386 ± 131 | 410 ± 135 | 0.45 |
| Six minute walk distance (m) | 497 ± 61 | 492 ± 61 | 0.65 |
| Nerve function | |||
| UENS score | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.79 |
| Peroneal conduc velocity (m/sec) | 44.9 ± 4.0 | 44.7 ± 4.4 | 0.87 |
| Tibial F-response latency (msec) | 52.7 ± 6.9 | 53.1 ± 5.7 | 0.74 |
| IENFD ankle (fibers/mm) | 6.9 ± 4.4 | 6.4 ± 4.4 | 0.59 |
| IENFD prox thigh (fibers/mm) | 9.4 ± 4.6 | 10.4 ± 6.1 | 0.38 |
| Change in measures at 12 months | |||
| Metabolic, fitness and strength | |||
| Hemoglobin A1c | 0.11 ± 1.0 | 0.20 ± 1.3 | 0.81 |
| Body mass index | 0.0 ± 1.4 | −0.2 ± 2.0 | 0.76 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | −2.2 ± 5.5 | 0.2 ± 6.0 | 0.05 |
| Quadriceps peak force (N) | 4.3 ± 71.2 | 19.3 ± 53.8 | 0.36 |
| Six minute walk distance (m) | 16 ± 47 | 24 ± 44 | 0.45 |
| Nerve function | |||
| UENS score | 1.1 ± 1.8 | 0.4 ± 1.7 | 0.08 |
| Number (fraction) UENS >4 | 6/35 (0.17) | 3/53 (0.06) | 0.15* |
| Peroneal conduct velocity (m/sec) | 2.4 ± 8.3 | 0.8 ± 7.7 | 0.36 |
| Tibial F-response latency (msec) | 0.7 ± 4.0 | −0.2 ± 2.9 | 0.28 |
At baseline, data columns represent mean values for each measure ±1 standard deviation. Twelve-month data columns represent mean change from baseline by pairwise comparison, ±1 standard deviation. For both data sets p values are derived from between-group t-test comparisons assuming unequal variances, and significant differences are bolded. Sex ratio, and 12 months fraction of participants with UENS score >4 were compared by two-sided Fisher’s exact test (*). Fraction with UENS >4 was 0 for both groups at baseline by study entry criteria definition. IENFD, intraepidermal nerve fiber density; UENS, Utah Early Neuropathy Scale.