Table 3.

Menstrual cycle studies on verbal skills and verbal memory.

Authors and design	Subjects	Cycle phases	Task	Result	Cohen's d
LONGITUDINAL
Gordon and Lee, 1993a	34 NC/34 OC	2–3/10–14/20–24	Verbosequential score	No effect of phase or OC	0.05
Griksiene and Ruksenas, 2011	20 NC/23 OC	2–5/14/20	Verbal fluency	No effect of phase, NC > OC
Hampson, 1990	50 NC	3–5/–16	Verbal fluency	No effect of phase
Hatta and Nagaya, 2009	30 NC	2–3/21–22	Verbal recall	No effect of phase	0.23
Jacobs and D'Esposito, 2011b	24 NC	1–2/11–12	Verbal working memory	No effect of phase
Konrad et al., 2008	12 NC	1–3/19–23	Synonym generation	No effect of phase	0.04–0.23
Maki et al., 2002	16 NC	1–3/19–24	Verbal fluency	↑ midluteal	0.56
			Implicit verbal memory	↑ midluteal	0.72
			Explicit verbal memory	No effect of phase	−0.45
Mordecai et al., 2008	16 NC/20 OC	2–4/20–22	CVLT verbal recall	No effect of phase	0.30
				↑ active treatment in OC
			Verbal fluency	No effect of phase or OC	0.04
Phillips and Sherwin, 1992	25 NC	3–4/19–24	Immediate paragraph recall	No effect of phase
			Delayed paragraph recall	No effect of Phase
			Associate verbal recall	No effect of Phase
			Digit span	No effect of phase
Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008	9 NC	1–2/13–14/20–21/24–25	Verbal fluency	↑ late follicular vs. late luteal
Rosenberg and Park, 2002	8 NC/10 OC	0, 7, 14, 21	Verbal working memory	↑ day 7 and 14 vs. day 0 and 21
				No effect of OC
CROSS-SECTIONAL
Hampson et al., 2014c	44 NC	lowE2/highE2	Rhyme generation	No effect of phase	0.21
			Synonym generation	No effect of phase	−0.18
Halari et al., 2005	42 NC	3–7	Verbal fluency	No hormonal correlation

NC, normal cycling; OC, oral contraceptive users; E2, estradiol; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test.

^aComposite score consisting of perception, verbal recall and verbal fluency.

^bA COMT genotype by phase interaction was reported.

^cSubjects were grouped according to saliva estradiol concentrations, regardless if tests had been made in the follicular or luteal phase.