Table 5.
Author | Subjects | Cycle phases | Task | Behavioral results | Contrast | ROI analyses | Whole Brain analyses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gingnell et al., 2013a | 14 NC | 6–12/22–27 | Neg. and pos. images and the anticipation thereof | No effect of phase | Neg. > pos. | n.a. | None |
Protopopescu et al., 2005 | 12 NC | 8–12/–23–27 | Go NoGo emotional words | n.a. | Neg. Go > neu Go | n.a. | ↑↓ OFC in the luteal phase |
Pos. Go > neu Go | n.a. | ↑ ACC in the luteal phase | |||||
Neg. NoGo > neu NoGo | n.a. | ↑ OFC in the luteal phase | |||||
Gingnell et al., 2012 | 15 NC | 6–12/22–27 | Facial emotion recognition | No effect of phase | Angry & afraid faces > shapes | ↑ amygdala in luteal phase | n.a. |
Gingnell et al., 2013b | 17 NC | 1–10/15–21 | Facial emotion recognition | no effect of phase | Angry & afraid faces > shapes | ↓ amygdala in luteal phase | n.a. |
Andreano and Cahill, 2010 | 17 NC | 1–7/18–24 | Neg. and neutral images | n.a. | Neg. > neutral | ↑ amygdala and hippocampus in luteal phase | ↑ IFG, fusiform gyrus, cerebellum, CN in the luteal phase |
Goldstein et al., 2005 | 12 NC | 2–3/16–18 | Neg. and neutral images | n.a. | Neg. > neutral | ↑ BA 40, BA 423 in late follicular | n.a. |
↓ ACC, hypothalamus, brain stem, OFC, amygdala, BA 47, BA 10, BA 18, BA 19, BA 37, BA 30, BA 23, BA 39, cerebellum in late follicular | |||||||
Bayer et al., 2014 | 22 NC | 0–4/17–23 | Encoding of neg., pos. and neutral images | ↓ recollection of negative stimuli in luteal phase | Emotional (hit>miss) > neutral (hit>miss) | ↓ hippocampus in luteal phase | n.a. |
Negative (hit>miss) > neutral (hit>miss) | ↑ amygdala in luteal phase | n.a. | |||||
Positive (hit>miss) > neutral (hit>miss) | ↓ ACC in the luteal phase | n.a. | |||||
Rupp et al., 2009 | 10 NC | 10–12/19–23 | Evaluation of attractiveness in houses and faces | No effect of phase | Faces > houses | n.a. | ↓ OFC in luteal phase |
CROSS-SECTIONAL | |||||||
Derntl et al., 2008a | 22 NC | 1–14/15–28 | Facial emotion recognition | ↓ recognition accuracy in luteal phase | Emotional faces > cross hair | ↓ amygdala in the luteal phase | ↓ hippocampus in the luteal phase |
Disgusted faces > cross hair | n.a. | ↓ fusiform gyrus in the luteal phase | |||||
Sad faces > cross hair | n.a. | ↓ MTG in the luteal phase | |||||
Neutral faces > cross hair | ↓ hippocampus in the luteal phase | ||||||
Zeidan et al., 2011 | 34 NC | Low E2/High E2 | Fear conditioning and extinction | No effect of group | CS+ > CS- | None | n.a. |
No effect of group | Late CS+E > early CS+E | ↑ mPFC in high E2 | n.a. | ||||
↑ extinction memory in high E2 | first CS+E >first CS+NE | ↑ mPFC and amygdala in high E2 | n.a. |
NC, normal cycling; E2, estradiol; neg., negative; pos., positive; neu, neutral; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; dmPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal.