Table 5.

Menstrual cycle studies including fMRI with emotional stimuli.

Author	Subjects	Cycle phases	Task	Behavioral results	Contrast	ROI analyses	Whole Brain analyses
Gingnell et al., 2013a	14 NC	6–12/22–27	Neg. and pos. images and the anticipation thereof	No effect of phase	Neg. > pos.	n.a.	None
Protopopescu et al., 2005	12 NC	8–12/–23–27	Go NoGo emotional words	n.a.	Neg. Go > neu Go	n.a.	↑↓ OFC in the luteal phase
					Pos. Go > neu Go	n.a.	↑ ACC in the luteal phase
					Neg. NoGo > neu NoGo	n.a.	↑ OFC in the luteal phase
Gingnell et al., 2012	15 NC	6–12/22–27	Facial emotion recognition	No effect of phase	Angry & afraid faces > shapes	↑ amygdala in luteal phase	n.a.
Gingnell et al., 2013b	17 NC	1–10/15–21	Facial emotion recognition	no effect of phase	Angry & afraid faces > shapes	↓ amygdala in luteal phase	n.a.
Andreano and Cahill, 2010	17 NC	1–7/18–24	Neg. and neutral images	n.a.	Neg. > neutral	↑ amygdala and hippocampus in luteal phase	↑ IFG, fusiform gyrus, cerebellum, CN in the luteal phase
Goldstein et al., 2005	12 NC	2–3/16–18	Neg. and neutral images	n.a.	Neg. > neutral	↑ BA 40, BA 423 in late follicular	n.a.
						↓ ACC, hypothalamus, brain stem, OFC, amygdala, BA 47, BA 10, BA 18, BA 19, BA 37, BA 30, BA 23, BA 39, cerebellum in late follicular
Bayer et al., 2014	22 NC	0–4/17–23	Encoding of neg., pos. and neutral images	↓ recollection of negative stimuli in luteal phase	Emotional (hit>miss) > neutral (hit>miss)	↓ hippocampus in luteal phase	n.a.
					Negative (hit>miss) > neutral (hit>miss)	↑ amygdala in luteal phase	n.a.
					Positive (hit>miss) > neutral (hit>miss)	↓ ACC in the luteal phase	n.a.
Rupp et al., 2009	10 NC	10–12/19–23	Evaluation of attractiveness in houses and faces	No effect of phase	Faces > houses	n.a.	↓ OFC in luteal phase
CROSS-SECTIONAL
Derntl et al., 2008a	22 NC	1–14/15–28	Facial emotion recognition	↓ recognition accuracy in luteal phase	Emotional faces > cross hair	↓ amygdala in the luteal phase	↓ hippocampus in the luteal phase
					Disgusted faces > cross hair	n.a.	↓ fusiform gyrus in the luteal phase
					Sad faces > cross hair	n.a.	↓ MTG in the luteal phase
					Neutral faces > cross hair		↓ hippocampus in the luteal phase
Zeidan et al., 2011	34 NC	Low E2/High E2	Fear conditioning and extinction	No effect of group	CS+ > CS-	None	n.a.
				No effect of group	Late CS+E > early CS+E	↑ mPFC in high E2	n.a.
				↑ extinction memory in high E2	first CS+E >first CS+NE	↑ mPFC and amygdala in high E2	n.a.

NC, normal cycling; E2, estradiol; neg., negative; pos., positive; neu, neutral; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; dmPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal.