Height (A–C) and root-to-shoot ratio (D–F) of seedlings of H. courbaril growing either with (closed symbols) or without (open symbols) cotyledons, in forest (A, D), growth room (B, E) or greenhouse (C, F). The arrows indicate the date at which the detachment of cotyledons was performed. Vertical bars represent results of a Tukey test (n = 5, P < 0·05). Asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments.