TABLE 2.
Serum squalene and noncholesterol sterol concentration during pregnancy and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum in control and GDM study groups
| First Trimester | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | 6 Weeks Pospartum | 6 Months Pospartum | 12 Months Pospartum | ||||||||
| Variable | Control (n = 28) | GDM (n = 21) | Control (n = 30) | GDM (n = 22) | Control (n = 27) | GDM (n = 21) | Pa | Control (n = 27) | GDM (n = 17) | Control (n = 28) | GDM (n = 20) | Control (n = 28) | GDM (n = 20) |
| Squalene (μg/dl) | 22.1 ± 2.2 | 21.7 ± 1.5 | 18.9 ± 1.0 | 24.0 ± 1.3b | 23.1 ± 1.8 | 27.3 ± 2.0 | 0.040 | 25.8 ± 2.2 | 31.6 ± 3.7 | 21.6 ± 1.3 | 26.7 ± 2.6 | 23.4 ± 1.4 | 24.4 ± 1.4 |
| Lanosterol (μg/dl) | 24.0 ± 1.8 | 26.8 ± 2.6 | 28.1 ± 1.8 | 32.8 ± 2.9 | 29.1 ± 2.0 | 33.0 ± 3.0 | 0.168 | 27.6 ± 2.2 | 31.0 ± 3.3 | 26.8 ± 2.0 | 30.0 ± 2.3 | 24.1 ± 1.9 | 28.3 ± 2.3 |
| Δ8-Cholestenol (μg/dl) | 32.0 ± 2.2 | 38.8 ± 2.8b | 35.1 ± 1.9 | 38.9 ± 2.7 | 38.9 ± 2.0 | 38.7 ± 3.0 | 0.050 | 39.0 ± 2.9 | 39.3 ± 3.7 | 35.0 ± 2.1 | 41.8 ± 3.3 | 34.5 ± 3.2 | 35.8 ± 2.4 |
| Desmosterol (μg/dl) | 138 ± 13 | 134 ± 7 | 165 ± 13 | 164 ± 8 | 218 ± 13 | 198 ± 11 | 0.688 | 228 ± 16 | 223 ± 25 | 155 ± 10 | 174 ± 17 | 130 ± 8 | 146 ± 15 |
| Lathosterol (μg/dl) | 239 ± 18 | 288 ± 17 | 292 ± 23 | 314 ± 27 | 323 ± 22 | 322 ± 23 | 0.045 | 262 ± 20 | 259 ± 26 | 248 ± 17 | 288 ± 23 | 214 ± 18 | 236 ± 17 |
| Lathosterol/Sitosterol | 1.5 ± 0.18 | 2.2 ± 0.25b | 1.4 ± 0.14 | 1.8 ± 0.17 | 1.5 ± 0.13 | 1.7 ± 0.14 | 0.051 | 1.3 ± 0.13 | 1.6 ± 0.28 | 1.5 ± 0.13 | 1.9 ± 0.30 | 1.4 ± 0.10 | 1.7 ± 0.21 |
| Cholestanol (μg/dl) | 272 ± 9 | 261 ± 17 | 401 ± 16 | 396 ± 24 | 614 ± 28 | 639 ± 58 | 0.874 | 315 ± 13 | 306 ± 26 | 247 ± 10 | 261 ± 14 | 257 ± 11 | 238 ± 15 |
| Campesterol (μg/dl) | 332 ± 20 | 309 ± 27 | 432 ± 26 | 395 ± 36 | 441 ± 32 | 419 ± 35 | 0.630 | 404 ± 25 | 385 ± 53 | 350 ± 34 | 361 ± 35 | 351 ± 32 | 331 ± 34 |
| Sitosterol (μg/dl) | 177 ± 10 | 157 ± 14 | 230 ± 13 | 201 ± 17 | 239 ± 15 | 220 ± 20 | 0.310 | 218 ± 14 | 187 ± 27 | 185 ± 16 | 182 ± 19 | 181 ± 14 | 168 ± 17 |
| Avenasterol (μg/dl) | 53.3 ± 2.8 | 48.5 ± 3.2 | 64.2 ± 3.1 | 60.3 ± 3.8 | 70.1 ± 4.2 | 62.0 ± 4.9 | 0.376 | 70.5 ± 3.9 | 61.6 ± 6.6 | 60.1 ± 4.7 | 59.8 ± 4.2 | 56.7 ± 3.8 | 52.2 ± 3.8 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SE.
a
GLM, repeated measures, trimesters I–III, adjusted for BMI and age, GDM versus controls. All P values postpartum were nonsignificant.
b
GLM, univariate analysis, adjusted for BMI and age, P < 0.05, GDM versus controls at the respective time-point.