TABLE 3.
Odds of food insecurity among Philadelphia survey respondents (n = 11,599)
| Characteristic | OR (95 % CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood food access | ||
| Fruit and vegetable availability | ||
| Very difficult | Ref. | |
| Difficult | 0.62 (0.43–0.90) | 0.01 |
| Easy | 0.33 (0.23–0.47) | <0.001 |
| Very easy | 0.28 (0.20–0.40) | <0.001 |
| Quality of groceries in neighborhood stores | ||
| Poor | Ref. | |
| Fair | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.15 |
| Good | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Excellent | 0.43 (0.31–0.59) | <0.001 |
| No store | 0.93 (0.42–2.05) | 0.85 |
| Food Assistance | ||
| None | Ref. | |
| SNAP only | 1.36 (1.11–1.67) | 0.003 |
| WIC only | 1.17 (0.77–1.78) | 0.47 |
| SNAP + WIC | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.31 |
| Other characteristics | ||
| Age group, years old | ||
| 18–39 | Ref. | |
| 40–49 | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) | 0.04 |
| 50–59 | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 0.20 |
| 60–74 | 0.49 (0.40–0.62) | <0.001 |
| ≥75 | 0.20 (0.14–0.28) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | Ref. | |
| Female | 1.05 (0.901–1.22) | 0.52 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | Ref. | |
| Black | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 0.58 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 0.14 |
| Asian | 0.39 (0.21–0.72) | 0.003 |
| Biracial/multiracial | 1.54 (0.95–2.51) | 0.08 |
| Native American | 1.58 (0.71–3.54) | 0.27 |
| Other | 1.78 (0.57–5.60) | 0.33 |
| Income, percentage of FPL | ||
| >200 % | Ref. | |
| 150–200 % | 2.56 (2.02–3.23) | <0.001 |
| 100–150 % | 2.70 (2.16–3.38) | <0.001 |
| <100 % | 3.76 (3.03–4.66) | <0.001 |
| Survey year | ||
| 2008 | Ref. | |
| 2010 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.08 |
| 2012 | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 0.17 |
Ref Referent group, FPL federal poverty line