Table 4.
Results of Regression Models Predicting Aberrant UDT Findings
| Any aberrant result | Prescribed opioid non-detection | THC, no illicit drug | Non-prescribed opioid | Illicit drug | Non-prescribed benzodiazepine | Dilute sample | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | AOR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | AOR | 95 % CI |
| Gender (ref. = Female) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Male | 1.24 | 1.07, 1.43 | 1.16 | 0.96, 1.40 | 2.20 | 1.76, 2.75 | 1.03 | 0.77, 1.38 | 0.87 | 0.41, 1.88 | 1.09 | 0.69, 1.73 | 0.42 | 0.29, 0.59 |
| Age, yrs (ref. = 20–44) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 45–64 | 0.77 | 0.65, 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.63, 0.998 | 0.71 | 0.55, 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.38, 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.13, 0.69 | 1.22 | 0.63, 2.39 | 1.08 | 0.74, 1.60 |
| 65+ | 0.40 | 0.32, 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.32, 0.59 | 0.15 | 0.09, 0.24 | 0.44 | 0.30, 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.10, 0.91 | 0.66 | 0.27, 1.62 | 1.09 | 0.69, 1.72 |
| Race* (ref.= White) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| African-American | 1.13 | 0.81, 1.56 | 1.14 | 0.76, 1.72 | 1.41 | 0.88, 2.23 | 2.07 | 1.16, 3.69 | 0.25 | 0.04, 1.82 | 0.18 | 0.04, 0.73 | ||
| Other | 1.25 | 0.98, 1.59 | 1.74 | 1.26, 2.39 | 0.88 | 0.57, 1.35 | 1.29 | 0.80, 2.08 | 0.69 | 0.28, 1.72 | 0.90 | 0.54, 1.52 | ||
| Missing data | 1.25 | 0.51, 3.07 | 1.02 | 0.47, 2.23 | 0.77 | 0.24, 2.46 | 3.92 | 0.56, 27.5 | 1.37 | 0.55, 3.42 | 0.28 | 0.07, 1.11 | ||
| Ethnicity* (ref. = Non-Hispanic) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hispanic | 1.08 | 0.75, 1.54 | 0.83 | 0.50, 1.39 | 1.40 | 0.82, 2.39 | 0.90 | 0.45, 1.84 | 1.52 | 0.52, 4.49 | 0.47 | 0.20, 1.14 | ||
| Missing data | 1.04 | 0.45, 2.39 | 1.46 | 0.69, 3.09 | 1.70 | 0.57, 5.04 | 0.39 | 0.06, 2.59 | 1.45 | 0.58, 3.60 | 1.87 | 0.59, 5.89 | ||
| Mental health diagnosis (ref. =No) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.11 | 0.96, 1.27 | 1.19 | 0.99, 1.44 | 1.05 | 0.84, 1.31 | 1.02 | 0.78, 1.34 | 0.87 | 0.43, 1.76 | 1.82 | 1.10, 2.99 | 0.94 | 0.69, 1.29 |
| Alcohol use disorder diagnosis (ref. =No) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.84 | 0.64, 1.11 | 1.08 | 0.76, 1.53 | 0.79 | 0.52, 1.20 | 0.67 | 0.38, 1.19 | 1.58 | 0.48, 5.26 | 1.34 | 0.52, 3.47 | 0.72 | 0.39, 1.34 |
| Substance use disorder diagnosis (ref. =No) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.42 | 1.17, 1.72 | 1.70 | 1.31, 2.20 | 1.62 | 1.22, 2.16 | 1.20 | 0.85, 1.69 | 2.91 | 1.36, 6.25 | 1.51 | 0.85, 2.67 | 0.86 | 0.55, 1.35 |
| Current smoker (ref. = No) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.50 | 1.30, 1.73 | 1.20 | 0.99, 1.46 | 1.97 | 1.58, 2.46 | 0.95 | 0.72, 1.26 | 2.22 | 1.04, 4.71 | 1.45 | 0.90, 2.31 | 1.44 | 1.07, 1.94 |
| Opioid daily MED (ref. =<40 mg) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 40–< 120 mg | 0.78 | 0.65, 0.95 | 0.52 | 0.39, 0.70 | 0.89 | 0.66, 1.19 | 1.08 | 0.72, 1.60 | 0.73 | 0.31, 1.75 | 1.42 | 0.85, 2.37 | 1.14 | 0.79, 1.66 |
| 120+ mg. | 0.83 | 0.60, 1.14 | 0.22 | 0.11, 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.42, 1.05 | 1.59 | 0.92, 2.73 | 0.53 | 0.12, 2.28 | 2.26 | 1.22, 4.19 | 1.80 | 0.92, 3.53 |
| Days’ supply (ref. =Less than daily) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Daily/near-daily | 0.88 | 0.75, 1.04 | 0.78 | 0.63, 0.96 | 0.68 | 0.54, 0.86 | 1.42 | 0.98, 2.05 | 1.69 | 0.46, 6.14 | 1.07 | 0.57, 2.03 | 1.42 | 0.95, 2.10 |
| Excessive | 0.98 | 0.80, 1.20 | 0.91 | 0.69, 1.21 | 0.74 | 0.54, 1.005 | 1.59 | 1.03, 2.46 | 1.52 | 0.38, 6.10 | 1.21 | 0.61, 2.40 | 1.51 | 0.94, 2.41 |
| Opioid type (ref. = Short-acting) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Long-acting only | 0.72 | 0.55, 0.95 | 0.35 | 0.21, 0.57 | 0.97 | 0.64, 1.46 | 1.02 | 0.62, 1.68 | 0.64 | 0.15, 2.75 | 1.42 | 0.69, 2.92 | 0.92 | 0.55, 1.55 |
| Long-acting plus short-acting | 0.67 | 0.54, 0.83 | 0.35 | 0.24, 0.50 | 1.04 | 0.76, 1.42 | 0.78 | 0.50, 1.20 | 0.82 | 0.34, 1.97 | 1.37 | 0.83, 2.27 | 0.74 | 0.47, 1.15 |
UDT urine drug test, THC tetrahydrocannabinol, AOR adjusted odds ratio, ref. reference category, MED morphine-equivalent dose
Note: Bolded values indicate statistically significant at P < 0.05. In predicting THC, the odds ratios in the multivariable model were slightly lower than in the bivariate analyses, but patterns of statistical significance were the same. In the multivariable regression analyses predicting prescribed opioid non-detection and dilute sample, results were similar to bivariate results, with the following minor exceptions: In predicting prescribed opioid non-detection, current smoker and excessive days’ supply were significant in the bivariate, but not the multivariable, models, and substance use disorder diagnosis was significant in the multivariable, but not the bivariate, model. For prediction of dilute samples, the ORs for days’ supply 84–96 and ≥97 were significant relative to 70–83 in the bivariate, but not the multivariable, analyses. In each case, differences in ORs were minor, but minor differences in the 95 % CI resulted in changes in statistical significance.
* Race and ethnicity could not be included in model predicting detection of illicit drugs due to insufficient subgroup sizes