Table 1.
Characteristics of Internal Medicine Hospitalizations at One Academic Medical Center, 2008–2012; Outcomes by Clinical Service
| Patients | Academic-preceptor (n = 5,770) |
Hospitalist-preceptor (n = 7,300) |
Hospitalist (n = 7,955) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N or mean | Percent or 95 % CI | N or mean | Percent or 95 % CI | N or mean | Percent or 95 % CI | |
| Age | ||||||
| Mean [95 % CI] | 55.5 | [55.1, 56.0] | 58.6 | [58.1, 59.0] | 56.1 | [55.7, 56.5] |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 2,718 | 47.1 | 3,710 | 50.8 | 3,984 | 50.1 |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||
| Other or mixed ethnicity | 2,371 | 41.1 | 2,928 | 40.1 | 3,256 | 40.9 |
| White | 1,719 | 29.8 | 2,371 | 32.5 | 2,501 | 31.4 |
| African American | 877 | 15.2 | 1,109 | 15.2 | 1,198 | 15.1 |
| Hispanic | 611 | 10.6 | 690 | 9.5 | 743 | 9.3 |
| Asian | 181 | 3.1 | 193 | 2.6 | 241 | 3.0 |
| American Indian | 11 | 0.2 | 9 | 0.1 | 16 | 0.2 |
| Acuity (MS-DRG weight) | ||||||
| Mean [95 % CI] | 1.31 | [1.28, 1.33] | 1.37 | [1.35, 1.40] | 1.42 | [1.39, 1.45] |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Mean number of comorbidities [95 % CI] | 4.1 | [4.1, 4.2] | 4.3 | [4.3, 4.4] | 3.9 | [3.9, 4.0] |
| Median number of comorbidities [IQR] | 4.0 | [2.0, 6.0] | 4.0 | [2.0, 6.0] | 4.0 | [2.0, 6.0] |
| Primary Payer | ||||||
| Medicare | 2,059 | 35.7 | 3,300 | 45.2 | 3,205 | 40.3 |
| Medicaid | 2,232 | 38.7 | 1,939 | 26.6 | 2,138 | 26.9 |
| Private | 1,381 | 23.9 | 2,001 | 27.4 | 2,528 | 31.8 |
| Self pay | 98 | 1.7 | 60 | 0.8 | 84 | 1.1 |
| Characteristics of admission, discharge, ICU transfer and death | ||||||
| ICU transfer | 842 | 14.6 | 1,028 | 14.1 | 1,809 | 22.7 |
| Weekend admission | 1,560 | 7.4 | 1,993 | 9.5 | 1,765 | 8.4 |
| Weekend discharge | 1,309 | 6.2 | 1,622 | 7.7 | 1,807 | 8.6 |
| Death | 142 | 2.2 | 152 | 1.9 | 194 | 2.2 |
| Most frequent clinical categories26 | ||||||
| Septicemia | 502 | 8.7 | 835 | 11.4 | 916 | 11.5 |
| Pneumonia | 330 | 5.7 | 391 | 5.4 | 451 | 5.7 |
| Congestive heart failure; non-hypertensive | 303 | 5.3 | 408 | 5.6 | 334 | 4.2 |
| Diabetes mellitus with complications | 234 | 4.1 | 265 | 3.6 | 297 | 3.7 |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue infection | 211 | 3.7 | 217 | 3.0 | 284 | 3.6 |
| Complications of surgical procedures or medical care | 148 | 2.6 | 272 | 3.7 | 246 | 3.1 |
See online Appendix, Table A1 for individual comorbidities