TABLE 1.
Participant Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
| Individual-ESI (N = 42) | Group-ESI (N = 40) | p | Hedges’s g | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 19.64 (1.93) | 19.58 (1.42) | .86 | 0.04 |
| Ethnicity | .58 | — | ||
| White, % | 73.8 | 72.5 | — | — |
| Black, % | 7.1 | 10.0 | — | — |
| Other, % | 14.3 | 15.0 | — | — |
| Gender, % male | 81.0 | 92.5 | .13 | — |
| Maternal age | 31.98 (5.74) | 31.71 (5.44) | .83 | 0.05 |
| Maternal education | 15.64 (2.07) | 15.51 (2.26) | .80 | 0.06 |
| Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales | ||||
| Social Composite | 37.02 (17.25) | 39.49 (21.11) | .57 | 0.13 |
| Speech Composite | 8.61 (2.32) | 6.50 (10.03) | .42 | 0.18 |
| Symbolic Composite | 24.00 (16.60) | 21.54 (15.15) | .49 | 0.15 |
| Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule | ||||
| Social Affect | 13.50 (4.28) | 14.43 (3.86) | .47 | 0.17 |
| Restricted, Repetitive Behavior | 3.05 (1.50) | 2.85 (1.55) | .66 | 0.10 |
| Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales | ||||
| Communication | 78.83 (13.06) | 79.79 (13.51) | .98 | 0.01 |
| Daily Living | 86.60 (10.98) | 87.42 (11.97) | .97 | 0.01 |
| Socialization | 84.55 (8.77) | 87.21 (9.62) | .52 | 0.15 |
| Motor | 94.55 (8.85) | 95.34 (11.66) | .72 | 0.08 |
| Adaptive Behavior Composite | 83.98 (8.93) | 85.03 (11.37) | .65 | 0.07 |
| Mullen Scales of Early Learning | ||||
| Visual Reception | 42.07 (13.01) | 40.42 (10.44) | .45 | 0.17 |
| Fine Motor | 46.20 (11.59) | 42.48 (12.65) | .15 | 0.33 |
| Receptive Language | 29.27 (12.34) | 31.35 (12.61) | .39 | 0.19 |
| Expressive Language | 29.61 (11.22) | 28.68 (10.95) | .66 | 0.10 |
| Early Learning Composite | 75.56 (16.68) | 74.05 (16.86) | .69 | 0.17 |
P and Hedges’s g values refer to comparison of individual-ESI and group-ESI conditions. —, not applicable.