TABLE 2.
Child Outcome Measures and Linear Mixed Model Results
| Child Outcome Measures | Linear Mixed Model Results | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-ESI | Group-ESI | Time (Across Condition) | Time × Condition | ||||||||||||
| M | SE | Δ | 95% CI | M | SE | Δ | 95% CI | p | Hedges’s g | CLES | p | Hedges’s g | CLES | ||
| Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales | |||||||||||||||
| Social Composite | 59.4 | 3.8 | 22.3 | 15.5 to 29.1 | 51.9 | 3.9 | 12.4 | 5.5 to 19.3 | <.001 | 0.76 | 0.70 | .04 | 0.48 | 0.63 | |
| Speech Compositea | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.5 to 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 to 1.0 | <.001 | 1.27 | 0.82 | .81 | 0.05 | 0.51 | |
| Speech Compositeb | 42.1 | 3.8 | 33.7 | 24.9 to 42.6 | 34.0 | 4.1 | 27.5 | 18.4 to 36.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Symbolic Composite | 52.6 | 3.6 | 28.9 | 21.5 to 36.3 | 48.6 | 3.8 | 27.0 | 19.4 to 34.6 | <.001 | 1.28 | 0.82 | .72 | 0.13 | 0.54 | |
| Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule | |||||||||||||||
| Social Affect | 10.9 | 0.7 | −2.6 | −3.8 to −1.4 | 12.3 | 0.7 | −2.1 | −3.4 to −0.9 | <.001 | −0.51 | 0.36 | .61 | 0.15 | 0.54 | |
| Restricted, Repetitive Behavior | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | −0.2 to 1.0 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 to 1.4 | .01 | 0.38 | 0.61 | .43 | 0.17 | 0.55 | |
| Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales | |||||||||||||||
| Communication | 90.2 | 2.2 | 11.8 | 7.7 to 15.9 | 82.9 | 2.3 | 3.1 | −1.0 to 7.3 | <.001 | 0.50 | 0.64 | .004 | 0.69 | 0.69 | |
| Daily Living | 91.0 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 0.2 to 8.1 | 85.0 | 1.8 | −2.5 | −6.5 to 1.5 | .56 | 0.07 | 0.52 | .02 | 0.58 | 0.66 | |
| Socialization | 84.1 | 1.5 | −0.9 | −4.1 to 2.5 | 81.2 | 1.5 | −5.6 | −9.0 to −2.3 | .008 | −0.31 | 0.41 | .04 | 0.66 | 0.68 | |
| Motor | 88.8 | 1.6 | −5.5 | −8.8 to −2.2 | 87.6 | 1.6 | −8.4 | −11.8 to −5.0 | <.001 | −0.69 | 0.31 | .22 | 0.34 | 0.59 | |
| Adaptive Behavior Composite | 86.2 | 1.6 | 2.2 | −1.0 to 5.5 | 81.7 | 1.6 | −3.3 | −6.7 to 0.0 | .65 | −0.14 | 0.46 | .02 | 0.72 | 0.69 | |
| Mullen Scales of Early Learning | |||||||||||||||
| Visual Reception | 42.1 | 2.2 | −0.1 | −4.2 to 4.0 | 39.2 | 2.2 | −1.2 | −5.4 to 2.9 | .65 | −0.04 | 0.49 | .70 | 0.03 | 0.51 | |
| Fine Motor | 37.2 | 2.0 | −9.0 | −13.1 to −5.0 | 37.7 | 2.1 | −4.7 | −8.8 to −0.7 | <.001 | −0.57 | 0.34 | .14 | 0.41 | 0.61 | |
| Receptive Languagea | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 to 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 to 0.1 | <.001 | 0.41 | 0.61 | .008 | 0.58 | 0.66 | |
| Receptive Languageb | 39.5 | 2.2 | 10.1 | 6.2 to 14.1 | 34.1 | 2.3 | 2.8 | −1.2 to 6.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Expressive Languagea | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 to 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 to 0.1 | <.001 | 0.54 | 0.65 | .61 | 0.18 | 0.55 | |
| Expressive Languageb | 39.0 | 2.2 | 9.0 | 4.7 to 13.3 | 36.2 | 2.2 | 7.5 | 3.3 to 11.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Early Learning Composite | 81.7 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 0.2 to 11.6 | 76.2 | 3.4 | 2.1 | −3.7 to −7.9 | .06 | 0.20 | 0.56 | .36 | 0.13 | 0.54 | |
F values for linear mixed model results can be found in the Supplemental Table 3. Estimated marginal means are presented. CI, confidence interval; CLES, Common Language Effect Size; Δ, mean change from baseline to end of intervention; CLES, which is derived from the g effect, represents the likelihood that a randomly selected child from individual-ESI will show greater improvement than a randomly selected child from group-ESI. —, not applicable.
a
Estimated marginal means, SEs, and linear mixed model results using log transformed variables.
b
Estimated marginal means and SEs presented using nontransformed variables.