Table 5.
Multivariate relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes among men and women according to specific dairy foods using different methods of updating diets
| Dairy Intake (servings) | P for trend a | HR (95% CI) for one serving/day | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Category 1 | Category 2 | Category 3 | Category 4 | ||
| Skim/low-fat milk | <1/week | 1 to 4/week | 5/week to 1.4/day | ≥1.5/day | ||
| Direct updateb | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.16 (1.10, 1.22) | 1.19 (1.12, 1.26) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) |
| Stop updating CVD and cancer | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 0.006 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
| Stop updating + HTHCc | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.25 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| Cheese intake | <1/week | 1 to 4/week | 5/week to 1.4/day | ≥1.5/day | ||
| Direct update | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 1.19 (1.06, 1.33) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.14) |
| Stop updating CVD and cancer | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.004 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) |
| Stop updating + HTHC | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 0.41 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) |
| Yogurt | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week | ||
| Direct update | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) |
| Stop updating CVD and cancer | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) |
| Stop updating + HTHC | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) |
| Ice cream | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week | ||
| Direct update | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.82, 0.89) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | 0.68 (0.63, 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.66, 0.81) |
| Stop updating CVD and cancer | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.84, 0.91) | 0.78 (0.74, 0.82) | 0.74 (0.70, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.71, 0.86) |
| Stop updating + HTHC | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) |
| Whole milk | <1/month | 1 to 3/month | 1/week | ≥2/week | ||
| Direct update | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) |
| Stop updating CVD and cancer | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 0.02 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) |
| Stop updating + HTHC | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.01) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 0.15 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) |
a P-trend was calculated by assigning median values to each quintile and was treated as continuous variable; bdirect update: cumulative averages of dairy intakes were calculated without stopping updating diets. All multivariate models were adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (eight categories), total energy intake (quintiles), smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, menopausal status, race, diabetes family history, baseline hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, trans-fat intake, glycemic load, red and processed meat intake, nuts intake, SSB intake, and coffee intake, and other dairy types for individual dairy types; cHTHC: hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages.